單家蟻屬

單家蟻屬
	法老蟻 Monomorium pharaonis 與原子筆筆尖作為比例尺
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
科：	蟻科 Formicidae
亚科：	家蟻亞科 Myrmicinae
族：	火蟻族 Solenopsidini
属：	單家蟻屬 Monomorium; Mayr, 1855
模式种
	Monomorium monomorium; Bolton, 1987
異名
	Antichthonidris; Chelaner; Epelysidris; Nothidris; Phacota; Syllophopsis; others

單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種[1]。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區[2]。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花蟻 (M. floricola )[3]。

物種描述

該屬形態及體型變異較大[3]。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針[4]。

分類學

單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬[4]，作者同時也推測 Anillomyrma、Megalomyrmex 和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬[4]。

如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )[5]。

習性

大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中[2]。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子[6]。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵[7]。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄[8]。

參考資料

Barry Bolton. . （原始内容存档于2020-06-08）.
Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54.
Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53.
Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45.
Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202.
Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). 页面存档备份，存于 Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60.
Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. 页面存档备份，存于 Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27.
Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42.

外部連結

Monomorium. Japanese Ant Image Database.

延伸閱讀

Mashaly, A. M. A. (2010). Monomorium ant's trail pheromones: Glandular source, optimal concentration, longevity and specificity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(1), 23-26.
Mayr, G. (1855). Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im oesterreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufuegung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5, 273-478.

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[1] Barry Bolton. . （原始内容存档于2020-06-08）.

[alda-2] Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54.

[het03-3] Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53.

[fernandez2007-4] Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45.

[heterick2006-5] Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202.

[6] Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). 页面存档备份，存于 Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60.

[7] Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. 页面存档备份，存于 Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27.

[8] Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42.