孟塞尔颜色系统

孟塞尔颜色系统（Munsell Color System）是色度學（或比色法）裡透過明度（value）、色相（hue）及色度（chroma）三個維度來描述顏色的方法。這個颜色描述系统是由美国艺术家阿尔伯特·孟塞尔（Albert H. Munsell，1858－1918）在1898年创制的，在1930年代為USDA採納為泥土研究的官方顏色描述系統。至今仍是比较色法的标准。

圖示孟塞爾顏色系統之中中等明度（5）而中等略偏高色度（6）的色相環、明度由全暗（0）到全亮（10）的黑白漸變色柱、中等明度（5）的紫藍色（5PB）色度漸進帶。

早期的幾個色彩體系將顏色放在各種不同的三維色立體，但孟塞尔是第一個把色調、明度和色度分離成為感知均勻和獨立的尺度，並且是第一個系統地在三維空間中表達顏色的關係[1]。孟塞尔的系統，尤其是其後的再标记法，是基於嚴格的人類受試者測量的視覺反應，使之具有堅實的實驗科學依據。基於人類的視覺感知，孟塞尔的系統熬過了其他現代色彩模式的挑戰，儘管在某些領域其地位已被某些特殊用途的模型取代了，如CIELAB（L*a*b*）和CIECAM02。孟塞尔的系統目前仍然是最廣泛使用的系統[2]。

解說

1900年的孟塞爾色球。後來孟塞爾發現，如果要保持色相、明度和色度的感知均勻，可達到顏色的表面不可能被強制成規則形狀。

孟塞尔颜色系统的空间大致成一个圆柱形：

色相

经度=色相（hue）。把一周均分成五5種主色互相调和成五種中间色，相邻的两个位置之间再均分10份，共100份。

红（R）、红黄（YR）、黄（Y）、黄绿（GY）、绿（G）、绿蓝（BG）、蓝（B）、蓝紫（PB）、紫（P）、紫红（RP）

孟塞爾顏色系統中等略偏高明度（6）而中等略偏高色度（6）之色相帶
正紅色(5R) \|				橘色(5YR) \|				正黃色(5Y) \|				青綠色(5GY) \|				正綠色(5G) \|				藍綠色(5BG) \|
	201 130 134	201 130 127	201 131 118	200 133 109	197 135 100	193 137 94	187 140 86	181 143 79	173 146 75	167 149 72	160 151 73	151 154 78	141 156 85	127 159 98	115 160 110	101 162 124	92 163 134	87 163 141	82 163 148	78 163 154	73 163 162

藍綠色(5BG) \|				正藍色(5B) \|				紫藍色(5PB) \|				正紫色(5P) \|				紫紅色(5RP) \|				正紅色(5R) \|
	73 163 162	70 162 170	70 161 177	73 160 184	82 158 189	93 156 193	104 154 195	117 151 197	128 149 198	141 145 198	152 142 196	160 140 193	168 138 189	177 135 182	183 134 176	188 132 169	193 131 160	196 130 153	198 130 146	200 130 140	201 130 134

明度

南北上下轴=明度（value）的深淺，從全黑（N0）至全灰（N5）到全白（N10）。

色度

距轴的距离=色度（chroma），表示色调的纯度。其数值从中间（0）向外随着色调的纯度增加，没有理论上的上限（普通的颜色实际上限为10左右，反光、荧光等材料可高达30）。由于人眼对各种颜色的的敏感度不同，色度不一定与每个色调和明度组合相匹配。

具体颜色的标识形式为：色相+明度+色度。例如5B 5/10是中等明度（5），高色度（10）的正蓝色（5B）。

**孟塞爾顏色系統色度（橫軸）與明度（縱軸）在紫藍色（5PB）與正黃色（5Y）的關係**
	12	10	8	6	4	2	0	2	4	6	8	10	12
10							255 255 255
9						228 228 250	232 232 232	243 227 207	250 227 178
8					190 201 239	200 200 222	203 203 203	215 200 181	221 200 154	227 200 126	233 199 97	237 199 63
7			142 176 241	154 175 225	164 175 210	173 174 195	179 179 179	188 173 155	194 173 128	200 173 101	205 172 72	210 172 29
6	79 150 244	101 150 227	116 149 213	128 149 198	138 148 182	146 148 168	150 150 150	161 147 129	167 147 103	173 146 75	178 146 42
5	46 124 214	72 123 199	89 123 185	101 123 171	111 122 156	120 122 142	124 124 124	134 121 103	141 121 77	146 120 48	150 119 9
4		38 97 172	59 97 158	74 97 144	85 96 130	93 96 116	97 97 97	108 96 77	114 95 52	119 94 25
3			26 72 133	45 72 120	58 72 106	67 72 92	70 70 70	81 71 55	87 70 33
2				20 49 93	35 49 79	44 49 66	48 48 48	57 48 34	63 47 6
1	5PB				13 28 56	23 28 45	28 28 28	37 27 9			5Y
0							0 0 0

Note that the Munsell Book of Color contains more color samples than this chart for both 5PB and 5Y (particularly bright yellows, up to 5Y 8.5/14), however they are not reproducible in the sRGB color space, which has a limited color gamut designed to match that of televisions and computer displays. Note also that there are no samples for values 0 (pure black) and 10 (pure white), which are theoretical limits not reachable in pigment, and no printed samples of value 1.

指定顏色

5P 5/10(#9966B6)

5P 5/10

註釋

Kuehni (2002), p 21
Landa (2005), pp 437–438

參考書目

在最高色度的情況之下的孟塞爾顏色系統色相環

Cleland, Thomas M. . Boston: Munsell Color Company. 1921. One of the first books about the Munsell color system, explaining the intuition behind its three dimensions, and suggesting possible uses of the system in picking color combinations. An edited version can be found at http://www.applepainter.com/ 页面存档备份，存于.
Kuehni, Rolf G. . Color Research and Application. February 2002, 27 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1002/col.10002. A description of color systems leading up to Munsell’s, and a biographical explanation of Munsell’s changing ideas about color and development of his color solid, leading up to the publication of A Color Notation in 1905.
Landa, Edward R.; Mark D. Fairchild. (PDF). American Scientist. September–October 2005, 93 (5): 436–443 [2013-03-18]. doi:10.1511/2005.5.436. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-09-16）. An introductory explanation of the development and influence of the Munsell system.
MacEvoy, Bruce. . Color Vision. 2005-08-01 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-27）. A concise introduction to the Munsell color system, on a web page which also discusses several other color systems, putting the Munsell system in its historical context.
Munsell, Albert H. . Boston: G. H. Ellis Co. 1905. Munsell’s original description of his system. A Color Notation was published before he had established the irregular shape of a perceptual color solid, so it describes colors positioned in a sphere.
Munsell, Albert H. . The American Journal of Psychology (University of Illinois Press). January 1912, 23 (2): 236–244. JSTOR 1412843. doi:10.2307/1412843. Munsell’s description of his color system, from a lecture to the American Psychological Association.
Nickerson, Dorothy. . Color Research and Application. 1976, 1 (1): 7–10.

外部連結

Munsell.com 页面存档备份，存于, the homepage of Munsell Color, a subdivision of X-Rite, current owners of the Munsell Color Company.
- Munsell page at the X-Rite website.
- Munsell to L*a*b* Conversion Freeware, a Windows application for converting Munsell renotations to CIELAB coordinates.
Munsell Color Science Laboratory 页面存档备份，存于 at the Rochester Institute of Technology, an academic laboratory dedicated to color science, endowed by the Munsell Foundation.
- Munsell renotation data 页面存档备份，存于 in plain text format (from the 1940s Optical Society of America renotations).
ApplePainter.com 页面存档备份，存于, a site explaining the Munsell color chart, including an edited version of Cleland’s book, A practical description of the Munsell color system.
An explanation of the Munsell system at Adobe.com. Retrieved 13 August 2003
A brief explanation at the site of the Japanese company Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals, including a nice diagram of the Munsell color solid.
A flash-based Munsell Palette color-picker from web-design firm Triplecode (based on a version originally created at the MIT Media Lab).
ToyPalette from Loo & Cox, a web application for generating color palettes from images. Munsell color analysis of digital image.

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[1] Kuehni (2002), p 21

[2] Landa (2005), pp 437–438