獵人赫恩

獵人赫恩Herne the Hunter)是傳說中出沒于英國伯克郡溫莎森林和溫莎大公園的一個幽靈,其頭上長著鹿角。首次書面提及獵人赫恩的文獻是莎士比亞1597年出版的《溫莎的風流孃兒們》,不過最早的版本中書寫為“Horne”[1],後來赫恩又多次出現於其他著作和媒體中。而起具體的起源還有爭議。

赫恩與他的戰馬、獵犬及貓頭鷹,來自哈里森·愛斯沃斯的《溫莎城堡》,由克魯克香克繪製於1843年左右

來源

關於獵人赫恩的起源有許多種說法,而還有更多的傳說沒有佐證。在R. Lowe Thompson1929年著作《The History of the Devil – The Horned God of the West Herne》中,作者認為獵人赫恩和其他歐中傳說中的鬼獵人來源相同,并認為“Herne”可能與高盧人的神祇瑟農諾斯之名起源相同。[2] 一些現代的異教例如威卡教相信這一說法,並將獵人赫恩與神瑟農諾斯畫上了等號。[3] 但實際上赫恩只是出現於伯克郡內,其他地區並沒有相關記載。與之相對,瑟農諾斯也從沒有在英國本土傳說中出現過。[4] 赫恩與瑟農諾斯可能確實有相同的語根*ker-n-(意思是骨頭或角),但更加相似的來源是古英語的“hyrne”,意即“角落”或“角”。[5][6][7]

中世紀前期,溫莎森林是在盎格魯撒克遜人的控制下的,此地同時也被用來祭祀他們的神沃登(有角)等。有人認為“Herne”是來自沃登的一個頭銜“Herian”。[8][9][10][11][12]

在莎士比亞和薩繆爾·艾爾蘭都將赫恩當做一個真實存在的歷史人物來描述。因為根據傳說,獵人赫恩可能是亨利八世時一個叫做理查德·赫恩(Richard Horne)的自耕農的幽靈,此人因在樹林中非法狩獵而被捕。最早支持這個說法的人是詹姆斯·哈利韋爾-菲利普斯[13]

參考文獻

  1. Jeffrey Theis, The "ill kill'd" Deer: Poaching and Social Order in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Texas Studies in Literature and Language 43.1 (2001) 46–73.
  2. The History of the Devil by R. Lowe Thompson, 1920, page. 133
  3. 'Simple Wicca: A simple wisdom book' by Michele Morgan, Conari, 2000, ISBN 1-57324-199-7, ISBN 978-1-57324-199-1as
  4. Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy, People of the Mist (chpt 5)
  5. Shipley, Joseph Twadell. 'Dictionary of Early English'. Philosophical Library, 1955. Page 330.
  6. (PDF). [2008-11-02]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-02-25).
  7. Bosworth, Joseph.A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language, Containing the Accentuation—the Grammatical Inflections—the Irregular Words Referred to Their Themes—the Parallel Terms, from the Other Gothic Languages—the Meaning of the Anglo-Saxon in English and Latin—and Copious English and Latin Indexes ... Published by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1838. Page 189.
  8. Matthews, John. The Quest for the Green Man. Published by Quest Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8356-0825-5, ISBN 978-0-8356-0825-1. Page 116
  9. Spence, Lewis. Hero Tales and Legends of the Rhine. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2007. ISBN 1-4346-2755-1, ISBN 978-1-4346-2755-1. page 68
  10. De Berard Mills. Bardeen, C.W.'The Tree of Mythology, Its Growth and Fruitage: Genesis of The Nursery Tale, Saws of Folk-lore, etc'. 1889
  11. De Vries, Eric. 'Hedge-Rider: Witches and the Underworld'. Pendraig Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-9796168-7-5, ISBN 978-0-9796168-7-7
  12. Greenwood, Susan.' The Nature of Magic: An Anthropology of Consciousness'. Berg Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-84520-095-0, ISBN 978-1-84520-095-4. Page 120
  13. Hedley, Windsor Castle, 93.
  • Fitch, Eric (1994). In Search of Herne the Hunter. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 978-1-898307-23-5.
  • Ireland, Samuel (1792). Picturesque Views on the River Thames.
  • Petry, Michael John (1972). Herne the Hunter: A Berkshire Legend. William Smith (Booksellers) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9500218-8-1.

外部連結

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