藤杖
藤杖(英語:或)或称百夫长手杖(英語:)[1],古罗马陆军[2][3]和海军[4]中使用的一种长约3英尺(1)的葡萄藤木手杖。它是百夫长的象征:[5]不仅可以用来指挥训练和演习,还能用来惩处麾下的士兵。[6]同级别的留任老兵也携带这种手杖。[7]
起源
藤杖可能源自伊特鲁里亚的“lituus”杖,无疑地是,在布匿战争时已经使用了。[3]随着波尔基乌斯法案在公元前2世纪颁布,藤杖成为杖打罗马公民的唯一工具[6],曾被很多古典时期作家说提及[8][10][12]。在处决死刑犯前鞭打他们时,或执行军事犯罪的鞭刑时,藤杖上也都不带任何的杖头。[13]塔西陀曾提到一个名为卢基里乌斯的百夫长,他也被称为“Gimme Another”(或),他有在打人的时候将藤杖打爆的癖好,[14]他是潘诺尼亚兵变最早被杀的人之一。[13]不过,士兵们通常都会忍受这种惩罚;抓住藤杖会导致降级,而破坏藤杖或伤害百夫长则会被处以死刑。[13]
参考
脚注
- Brand (1968), p. 83.
- D'Amato & Rava (2012), pp. 38–39.
- D'Amato & Rava (2013), p. 38–39.
- D'Amato & Sumner (2009), p. 20.
- Webster 1979, p. 132.
- Walters (1997), p. 40.
- Lewis 1890, p. 206.
- Ovid, Art of Love, III, 527.
- Mannix (1964), p. 33.
- Cited in Mannix.[9]
- Gallonio (2013), p. 51.
- Cited in Gallonio.[11]
- Brand (1968), p. 84.
- Tacitus., Annals, Bk. I, Ch. 23, §4.
资料
- Brand, C.E., , Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968, ISBN 978-0-292-74224-6.
- Cook, Arthur Bernard, , Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914.
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Sumner, Graham, Illustrator, , Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84603-317-9, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, , Men-at-Arms, Vol. 479, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012, ISBN 1849087954, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- D'Amato, Raffaele; Rava, Giuseppe, Illustrator, , Men-at-Arms, Vol. 470, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781849089371, (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- Gallonio, Rev. Antonio, (PDF), translated from the Latin by Geoffrey K. Mondello as The Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs for the Boston Catholic Journal, 2013.
- Lewis, Bunnell, , The Archaeological Journal (London: British Archaeological Association), 1890, 47: 193–378.
- Mannix, Daniel Pratt IV, , New York, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Dorset, eNet Press, 1964, ISBN 978-1-61886-751-3.
- Robinson, H. Russell, , Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975, ISBN 9780684139562, ISBN 0684139561.
- Walters, Jonathan, , , Princeton: Princeton University Press: 29–44, 1997, ISBN 0-691-01179-6.
- Webster, Graham. . London: Constable and Company. 1979: 132. ISBN 0-09-475660-0. ISBN 978-0806130002.
- Williams, Carolyn D., , Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 2009, ISBN 978-0-87413-079-9.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.