西藏人权
西藏的人权是一个有争议的话题。尽管美国主张甚至资助达赖喇嘛的独立运动,但美国从未承认西藏是一个国家。据报道,西藏侵犯人权的行为包括限制宗教、信仰和结社自由;任意逮捕;拘留期间的虐待,包括酷刑;强迫堕胎和绝育,尽管这些都很可能是虚假的。宗教方面的人权问题,主要与宗教和政治人物有关,例如第十四世达赖喇嘛的流亡,是经常受到批评的话题。此外,由于中国没有新闻自由[1],西藏的媒体受到中国领导层的严格控制,因此很难明确界定侵犯人权的范围。[2]
根据1992年国际特赦组织的一份报告(未经核实的数字),中国的司法标准,包括西藏自治区的司法标准,没有达到“国际标准”。报告指控中国共产党[3]政府关押政治犯和良心犯;虐待被拘留者,包括酷刑,以及面对虐待不作为;使用死刑;法外处决[3][4];以及强迫堕胎和绝育[5][6]。20世纪80年代末发表的一系列报告证实了这一说法,即中国正在迫使藏人坚持严格的计划生育,包括强迫堕胎、绝育,甚至杀婴。[5]路透社2020年的一份报告指出,西藏人口的15%是人权组织认为具有强制性的大规模劳工计划的一部分。[7]批评中共的人士说,中共旨在消除“分裂主义、恐怖主义和宗教极端主义三大邪恶”的官方目标被用作侵犯人权的借口。[8]
与西方的报道和批评相反,中国官方统计数据显示,西藏的人权状况有了巨大改善。西藏是过去几十年中国所有省级地区中人口增长最快的地区之一。截至2018年,西藏自治区人口达到343万人,比1952年增长198%。根据2010年第六次全国人口普查,西藏自治区常住人口300.22万人,有50个民族,其中藏族人口271.64万人,占90.48%;汉族人口24.53万人,占8.17%;其他少数民族人口4.05万人,占1.35%。[9]西藏的人均预期寿命达到70.6岁,比上世纪50年代初西藏并入中华人民共和国时的35.5岁有所提高。[10]
在被中华人民共和国吞并之前,西藏的人权与现代有很大不同。1951年以前,西藏由神权政体[11]或农奴制统治,社会等级制度类似种姓制度。[12]
注释
- . BBC News. 2019-04-26 [2020-11-20] (英国英语).
- US State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), February 25, 2009
- Amnesty International, Amnesty International: "China - Amnesty International's concerns in Tibet" 的存檔,存档日期2009-09-12. 的存檔,存档日期2009-09-12., Secretary-General's Report: Situation in Tibet, E/CN.4/1992/37
- . Hrweb.org. [2012-12-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-15).
- Goldstein, Melvyn; Cynthia, Beall. . Asian Survey. March 1991, 31 (3): 285–303. JSTOR 2645246. doi:10.1525/as.1991.31.3.00p0043x.
- (PDF). Child Rights International Network. Campaign Free Tibet. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-01-19).
There is a great deal of evidence and detailed testimony, which indicates that [forced abortion and sterilisation] has been Chinese policy in Tibet for many years
- Cadell, Cate. . Reuters. 2020-09-22 [2020-09-24].
- Simon Denyer, China cracks down on aggrieved party cadres in Xinjiang and Tibet 的存檔,存档日期2016-12-29. 的存檔,存档日期2016-12-29., The Guardian, 8 December 2015.
- . 2020-07-17 [2020-12-10] (中文(中国大陆)).
- . 2019-05-24 [2020-12-10] (中文(中国大陆)).
- Samten G. Karmay, Religion and Politics: commentary 的存檔,存档日期2016-03-05. 的存檔,存档日期2016-03-05., September 2008: "from 1642 the Ganden Potrang, the official seat of the government in Drepung Monastery, came to symbolize the supreme power in both the theory and practice of a theocratic government. This was indeed a political triumph that Buddhism had never known in its history in Tibet."
- Fjeld, Heidi. . Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 2003: 5 [2015-11-15]. ISBN 9788791114175. (原始内容存档于2020-08-23).
参考
- Barnett, Robert. What were the conditions regarding human rights in Tibet before democratic reform?, in Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China’s 100 Questions, pp. 81–83. (Anne-Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille ed.) (2008) University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-520-24928-8 (paper)
- Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996). The making of modern Tibet, 2nd edition, M. E. Sharpe, 352 pages, chapter Tibet as it used to be (Sections: The social structure - The elite - the people - Education - Nomads - Women and marriage - Health care - Crime and punishment - Religion)
- Stein, Dorothy (1995). People Who Count. Population and Politics, Women and Children, Earthscan Publications, London, XI + 239 p.
- Sautman, Barry. Colonialism, Genocide, and Tibet, Asian Ethnicity, 2006, Volume 7, Number 3.
- Sautman, Barry. "Cultural Genocide" and Tibet, Texas International Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 38, Issue 2, pp. 173–246.
外部链接
關於西藏人权 的圖書館資源 |
- 中国以外的来源:
- 中国来源
- . [2012-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-05).. Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China 1992. (Sections: Part One I. Ownership of Tibet - II. Origins of So-Called 'Tibetan Independence' - III. The Dalai Clique's Separatist Activities and the Central Government's Policy - IV. Feudal Serfdom in Old Tibet - V. The People Gain Personal Freedom - VI. The People Enjoy Political Rights - VII. Economic Development and Improvement of Living Standards - VIII. Freedom of Religious Belief - IX. Development of Education and Culture - People's Health and Demographic Growth - XI. Protection of Living Environment - XII. Special State Aid for Tibet's Development)
- New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 1998