二氧化碳性质表

二氧化碳及干冰的一些性质如下叙述。

基本訊息

中文名：二氧化碳、干冰（固态）
化学式：CO₂
CAS号：124-38-9（CO₂）、1111-72-4（¹³CO₂）、51-90-1（¹⁴CO₂）、18983-82-9（C(¹⁸O)O）、2537-69-1（C(¹⁸O)₂）
英文名：Carbon dioxide
外观：无色气体（标况）；气态、液态、水溶液和超临界态均为无色；固态时为无色或白色固体

结构与性质

结构与性质
折射率, n_D	1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C [1]
介电常数, ε_r	1.60 ε₀（0 °C, 50 atm）
C=O键平均键能	804.4 kJ/mol at 298 K（25 °C）[2]
键长	C=O 116 pm (1.16 Å)
键角	O-C-O: 180°
磁化率	?
表面张力	4.34 dyn/cm（20 °C，平衡压力）
平衡压力下的液体黏度[3]	0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C 0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C 0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C 0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C 0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C

热力学性质

相性质
三相点	216.58 K（−56.57 °C）, 518.5 kPa
临界点	304.18 K（31.03 °C）, 7.38 MPa
标准熔化焓变, Δ_fusH^o	8.647 kJ/mol（三相点）[4]
标准熔化熵变, Δ_fusS^o	? J/(mol·K)
标准汽化焓变,[5] Δ_vapH^o	15.326 kJ/mol at 215.7 K（−57.5 °C）
标准汽化熵变, Δ_vapS^o	70.8 J/(mol·K)
固体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, Δ_fH^o_solid	-427.4 kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵,[6] S^o_solid	51.07 J/(mol·K)
热容量,[6] c_p	2.534 J/(mol·K) at 15.52 K（−257.63 °C） 47.11 J/(mol·K) at 146.48 K（−126.67 °C） 54.55 J/(mol·K) at 189.78 K（−83.37 °C）
液体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, Δ_fH^o_液	? kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵, S^o_液	? J/(mol K)
热容量, c_p	? J/(mol·K)
导热系数[7]	31.0×10^-5 cal/cm·s·°C（-20°C） 25.4×10^-5 cal/cm·s·°C（0°C） 19.7×10^-5 cal/cm·s·°C（20°C）
蒸汽压[7]	19.449 atm（-20°C) 34.397 atm（0°C) 56.525 atm（20°C）71.166（30°C）
气体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, Δ_fH^o_gas	−393.52 kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵, S^o_gas	213.79 J/(mol·K)
热容量,[8] c_p	33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C 36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C 38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C 56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C 53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa 60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa 183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa
绝热指数[8] γ = c_p/c_v	1.37 at –75 °C 1.310 at 0 °C 1.304 at 15 °C 1.281 at 100 °C 1.235 at 400 °C 1.195 at 1000 °C 1.171 at 2000 °C
范德华常数[9]	a = 363.96 L² kPa/mol² b = 0.04267 liter per mole
与一氧化碳的化学平衡[10] CO + ½O 2 → CO 2 K = $\scriptstyle {\frac {[\mathrm {CO_{2}} ]}{[\mathrm {CO} ][\mathrm {O_{2}} ]^{\frac {1}{2}}}}$ pK = log₁₀ K	pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K

溶解度

二氧化碳在水中的溶解度如下：

CO₂在101.3 kPa (1 atm)分压下水中的溶解度[11]

温度	^‡溶解的CO₂体积（每体积H₂O）	溶解的CO₂质量（克）（每100毫升H₂O）
0 °C	1.713	0.3346
1 °C	1.646	0.3213
2 °C	1.584	0.3091
3 °C	1.527	0.2978
4 °C	1.473	0.2871
5 °C	1.424	0.2774
6 °C	1.377	0.2681
7 °C	1.331	0.2589
8 °C	1.282	0.2492
9 °C	1.237	0.2403
10 °C	1.194	0.2318
11 °C	1.154	0.2239
12 °C	1.117	0.2165
13 °C	1.083	0.2098
14 °C	1.050	0.2032
15 °C	1.019	0.1970
16 °C	0.985	0.1903
17 °C	0.956	0.1845

温度	^‡溶解的CO₂体积（每体积H₂O）	溶解的CO₂质量（克）（每100毫升H₂O）
18 °C	0.928	0.1789
19 °C	0.902	0.1737
20 °C	0.878	0.1688
21 °C	0.854	0.1640
22 °C	0.829	0.1590
23 °C	0.804	0.1540
24 °C	0.781	0.1493
25 °C	0.759	0.1449
26 °C	0.738	0.1406
27 °C	0.718	0.1366
28 °C	0.699	0.1327
29 °C	0.682	0.1292
30 °C	0.655	0.1257
35 °C	0.592	0.1105
40 °C	0.530	0.0973
45 °C	0.479	0.0860
50 °C	0.436	0.0761
60 °C	0.359	0.0576

^‡Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO₂ as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water.
The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO₂. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO₂.

固态和气态时的蒸汽压

P（mm Hg）	1	10	40	100	400	760	1520	3800	7600	15200	30400	45600
P（atm） (2sf，换算自mm Hg)	0.0013	0.013	0.053	0.13	0.53	1.0	2.0	5.0	10	20	40	60
P（kPa）(换算自mm Hg / atm)	0.13	1.3	5.3	13	53	101.325	202.65	506.625	1013.25	2026.5	4053	6079.5
T（°C）	–134.3_(s)	–119.5_(s)	–108.6_(s)	–100.2_(s)	–85.7_(s)	–78.2_(s)	–69.1_(s)	–56.7	–39.5	–18.9	5.9	22.4

表格数据来自《CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics》第44版。注释中的“(s)”表示固体上方蒸气的平衡温度。其余温度均为液体上方蒸汽的平衡温度。 For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.

CO₂蒸汽压的log值，

\scriptstyle \log _{e}P_{mmHg}=

\scriptstyle \log _{e}({\frac {760}{101.325}})-24.03761\log _{e}(T+273.15)-{\frac {7062.404}{T+273.15}}+166.3861+3.368548\times 10^{-5}(T+273.15)^{2}

，所用公式来自CHERIC[5]

相图

液相/气相平衡热力学数据

下表列出了液相CO₂在不同温度下与气相平衡的热力学数据。Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 grams/mole. To convert densities to moles/liter, multiply by 22.678 cm³-mole/liter-gram. Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560-2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures –30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.

温度 °C	P_vap 蒸汽压 kPa	H_liq Heat content liquid J/g	H_vap Heat content vapor J/g	Δ_vapH^o Heat of vapor- ization J/g	ρ_vap Density of vapor g/cm³	ρ_liq Density of liquid g/cm³	S_liq Entropy liquid J/mol-°C	S_vap Entropy vapor J/mol-°C
二氧化碳液-气平衡热力学数据
–56.6	518.3					1.179
–56.0	531.8					1.177
–54.0	579.1					1.169
–52.0	629.6					1.162
–50.0	683.4					1.155
–48.0	740.6					1.147
–46.0	801.3					1.139
–44.0	865.6					1.131
–42.0	933.8					1.124
–40.0	1005.7					1.116
–38.0	1081.9					1.108
–36.0	1161.8					1.100
–34.0	1246.2					1.092
–32.0	1335.1					1.084
-30.0	1428.6					1.075
–28.89	1521	–55.69	237.1	292.9	0.03846	1.0306	–9.48	43.41
–27.78	1575	–53.76	237.3	291.0	0.03987	1.0276	–9.13	43.21
–26.67	1630	–51.84	237.6	289.4	0.04133	1.0242	–8.78	43.01
–25.56	1686	–49.87	237.6	287.5	0.04283	1.0209	–8.45	42.78
–24.44	1744	–47.91	237.8	285.7	0.04440	1.0170	–8.10	42.56
–23.33	1804	–45.94	237.8	283.6	0.04600	1.0132	–7.75	42.36
–22.22	1866	–43.93	237.8	281.7	0.04767	1.0093	–7.40	42.14
–21.11	1928	–41.92	237.8	279.6	0.04938	1.0053	–7.05	41.94
–20.00	1993	–39.91	237.8	277.8	0.05116	1.0011	–6.68	41.71
–18.89	2059	–37.86	237.8	275.7	0.05300	0.9968	–6.31	41.49
–17.78	2114	–35.82	237.6	273.6	0.05489	0.9923	–5.98	41.27
–16.67	2197	–33.73	237.6	271.2	0.05686	0.9875	–5.61	41.05
–15.56	2269	–31.64	237.3	269.2	0.05888	0.9829	–5.26	40.83
–14.44	2343	–29.54	237.3	266.9	0.06098	0.9782	–4.91	40.61
–13.33	2418	–27.41	237.1	264.5	0.06314	0.9734	–4.54	40.39
–12.22	2495	–25.27	236.9	262.2	0.06539	0.9665	–4.17	40.15
–11.11	2574	–23.09	236.7	259.7	0.06771	0.9639	–3.80	39.92
–10.00	2654	–20.90	236.4	257.3	0.07011	0.9592	–3.43	39.68
–8.89	2738	–18.69	235.9	254.8	0.07259	0.9543	–3.06	39.46
–7.78	2823	–16.45	235.7	252.2	0.07516	0.9494	–2.69	39.22
–6.67	2910	–14.18	235.2	249.4	0.07783	0.9443	–2.32	38.98
–5.56	2999	–11.90	234.8	246.6	0.08059	0.9393	–1.94	38.74
–4.44	3090	–9.977	234.3	243.8	0.08347	0.9340	–1.57	38.50
–3.89	3136	–8.410	234.1	242.4	0.08494	0.9313	–1.37	38.37
–2.78	3230	–6.046	233.6	239.7	0.08797	0.9260	–0.98	38.12
–1.67	3327	–3.648	232.9	236.6	0.09111	0.9206	–0.59	37.88
–0.56	3425	–1.222	232.4	233.6	0.09438	0.9150	–0.20	37.62
0.56	3526	1.234	231.7	230.5	0.09776	0.9094	0.20	37.36
1.67	3629	3.728	231.0	227.3	0.1013	0.9036	0.61	37.08
2.78	3735	6.268	230.4	224.0	0.1050	0.8975	1.01	36.83
3.89	3843	8.445	229.4	220.5	0.1088	0.8914	1.42	36.55
5.00	3953	11.46	228.5	217.0	0.1128	0.8850	1.83	36.25
6.11	4067	14.13	227.6	213.4	0.1169	0.8784	2.25	35.98
7.22	4182	16.85	226.5	209.7	0.1213	0.8716	2.69	35.68
8.33	4300	19.63	225.4	205.8	0.1258	0.8645	3.12	35.39
9.44	4420	22.46	224.3	201.8	0.1306	0.8571	3.56	35.07
10.56	4544	25.36	223.1	197.7	0.1355	0.8496	4.02	34.76
11.67	4670	28.33	221.8	193.4	0.1408	0.8418	4.48	34.45
12.78	4798	31.35	220.3	188.9	0.1463	0.8338	4.94	34.11
13.89	4929	34.49	218.8	184.3	0.1521	0.8254	5.42	33.76
15.00	5063	37.30	217.2	179.5	0.1583	0.8168	5.92	33.41
16.11	5200	41.03	215.1	174.4	0.1648	0.8076	6.42	33.02
17.22	5340	44.48	213.6	169.1	0.1717	0.7977	6.96	32.66
18.33	5482	48.03	211.5	163.5	0.1791	0.7871	7.49	32.25
19.44	5628	51.71	209.4	157.6	0.1869	0.7759	8.04	31.83
20.56	5776	55.61	207.0	151.4	0.1956	0.7639	8.63	31.38
21.67	5928	59.66	204.3	144.7	0.2054	0.7508	9.24	30.90
22.78	6083	63.97	201.5	137.5	0.2151	0.7367	9.89	30.39
23.89	6240	68.58	198.4	129.8	0.2263	0.7216	10.57	29.85
25.00	6401	73.51	194.8	121.3	0.2387	0.7058	11.31	29.24
26.11	6565	78.91	190.7	111.8	0.2532	0.6894	12.10	28.60
27.22	6733	84.94	186.0	101.1	0.2707	0.6720	12.99	27.84
28.33	6902	91.88	180.4	88.49	0.2923	0.6507	14.00	26.95
29.44	7081	100.4	173.1	72.72	0.3204	0.6209	15.24	25.85
30.00	7164	105.6	168.4	62.76	0.3378	0.5992	16.01	25.15
30.56	7253	112.3	162.3	50.04	0.3581	0.5661	16.99	24.24
31.1	7391			0.00	0.4641	0.4641
温度 °C	P_vap 蒸汽压 kPa	H_liq Heat content liquid J/g	H_vap Heat content vapor J/g	Δ_vapH^o Heat of vapor- ization J/g	ρ_vap Density of vapor g/cm³	ρ_liq Density of liquid g/cm³	S_liq Entropy liquid J/mol-°C	S_vap Entropy vapor J/mol-°C

光谱数据

UV-Vis
λ_max	? nm
消光系数, ε	?
IR[lower-alpha 1]
主要吸收峰	2350 and 667 cm⁻¹ (4.25 and 14.99 um)
NMR
¹H NMR	不适用
¹³C NMR	125.0[12]
MS
主要碎片质量

化学反应方程式

反应物	反应方程式	反应条件
酸性
水	CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃	常温、常压
氧化物	CO₂ + CaO = CaCO₃ CO₂ + BaO = BaCO₃
氢氧化物	CO₂ + 2 NaOH = Na₂CO₃ + H₂O CO₂ + 2 KOH = K₂CO₃ + H₂O	固体或溶液
碳酸盐	CO₂ + H₂O + Na₂CO₃ → 2 NaHCO₃ CO₂ + H₂O + K₂CO₃ → 2 KHCO₃ CO₂ + H₂O + Cs₂CO₃ → 2 CsHCO₃ CO₂ + H₂O + CaCO₃ ⇌ Ca(HCO₃)₂	溶液
铜、氧气	2 Cu + O₂ + CO₂ + H₂O → Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃_{（水合物）}	潮湿空气
氨	CO₂ + 2 NH₃ → NH₂COONH₄	干燥反应
氨	CO₂ + 2 NH₃ + H₂O → (NH₄)₂CO₃[13]	溶液
弱氧化性
碳	CO₂ + C ⇌ 2 CO	高温
镁	CO₂ + 2 Mg → 2 MgO + C	点燃
作为弱亲电试剂
金属有机化合物	RMgX + CO₂ → RCOOH
苯酚钠	PhONa + CO₂ → Ph(OH)COONa

化学品安全技术说明书

二氧化碳的安全技术说明书（MSDS）可以参见此页面页面存档备份，存于。

注释

Because nitrogen and oxygen are symmetrical and carbon dioxide and water vapor are not, the air in an infrared spectrophotometer may show absorbances for CO₂ and water. This is easily overcome by subtracting a blank spectrum from the experimental spectrum, and instruments are often purged with dry nitrogen as well.

参考文献

. NPL. [7 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-07）.
Darwent, B. deB. (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules" Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages.
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1669-1674
. Air Liquide. [1 June 2007]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-23）.
(Queriable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. [8 May 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-03）.
W.F. Giauque and C.J. Egan, "Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 45-54, 1937.
卢焕章. 石油化工基础数据手册. 北京: 化工出版社
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1525-1528
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1522-1524
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1573-1576
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., p 1100
Reich, H. J. . Organic Chem Info. University of Wisconsin. [31 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015年3月2日）.
碳酸铵页面存档备份，存于. Chemical Book. [2018-1-18]

不指明时，均指标准状态。其余信息参见Wikipedia:化学信息框。

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[12] Because nitrogen and oxygen are symmetrical and carbon dioxide and water vapor are not, the air in an infrared spectrophotometer may show absorbances for CO₂ and water. This is easily overcome by subtracting a blank spectrum from the experimental spectrum, and instruments are often purged with dry nitrogen as well.

[1] . NPL. [7 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-07）.

[Darwent1970-2] Darwent, B. deB. (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules" Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages.

[lange1669-3] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1669-1674

[a_l-4] . Air Liquide. [1 June 2007]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-23）.

[cheric_p-5] (Queriable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. [8 May 2007]. （原始内容存档于2007-06-03）.

[giauqeegan1937-6] W.F. Giauque and C.J. Egan, "Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 45-54, 1937.

[shiyou-7] 卢焕章. 石油化工基础数据手册. 北京: 化工出版社

[lange1525-8] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1525-1528

[lange1522-9] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1522-1524

[lange1573-10] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1573-1576

[lange1100-11] Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., p 1100

[reich13Cnmr-13] Reich, H. J. . Organic Chem Info. University of Wisconsin. [31 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015年3月2日）.

[14] 碳酸铵页面存档备份，存于. Chemical Book. [2018-1-18]