交易成本
交易成本(英語:)是一个经济学概念,指完成一笔交易时,交易双方在买卖前后所产生的各种与此交易相关的成本。羅納德·寇斯在1937年提出论文《企業的本质》,以交易成本概念解釋企業規模,被视为是交易成本理论的奠基者。
例子
以国际贸易为例,列举如下:
- 搜寻成本(Searching Cost):包括寻找最适交易对象的成本及寻找交易目标物的成本。
- 协议成本(Negotiating Cost):指交易双方为消除歧见,所进行谈判与协商的成本。
- 订约成本(Contracting Cost):当双方达成共识而进行交易时,签订契约所投入的成本。
- 监督成本(Monitoring Cost):指契约签订后,监督对方是否依约执行的成本。
- 执行成本(Enforcement Cost):指契约签订后,当交易一方违约时,另一方为激励契约之履行所花费的成本。
理论
早期例证:交易成本理论最早的实例在十二世纪左右出现,具体表现为managerial hierarchy比市场可以更有效的配置资源。(Wren (2005))
- 搜寻成本:依产品的属性而有不同的信息搜寻成本。[1]
- 谈判成本:网络可降低交易中的谈判成本。[2]
- 监督成本:网络的互动性可降低信息的不对称;网络降低监督成本。[3][4]
- 契约订定成本:因特网可减少缔约过程中不必要的成本;网络具降低缔约成本。[5][4]
- 交易成本的衡量:消费者的交易过程分七个阶段:搜寻、比较、测试、协商、付款、运输、售后服务。[6]
参考七个阶段之交易成本,[6]并参照消费者决策过程划分为三阶段,而各阶段所发生之交易成本分别为:
- 购买评估阶段:包括搜寻成本、比较成本、测试成本。
- 购买行为阶段:包括协商及付款成本。
- 购后行为阶段:包括运输成本及售后服务。
张五常的看法
根据香港经济学家张五常的看法,这个概念叫做交易费用也叫“制度费用”,而Transaction Cost應譯作「交易費用」而非「交易成本」。
参考来源
- Degeratu et al. (2000)
- O'Connor and O'Keefe (1997)
- Papows et al. (1999)
- Dutta, Kwan and Segev (1998)
- Tapscott(1997)
- Liang and Huang (1998)
參考文獻
- North, Douglass C. 1992. “Transaction costs, institutions, and economic performance.” San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.
- Cheung, Steven N. S. . The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics v. 2: 55–58. 1987.
- Commons, J.R. . American Economic Review. 1931, 21: 648–657 [February 8, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-19).
- Douma, Sytse; Schreuder, Hein. 5th. London: Pearson. 2012. ISBN 9780273735298.
- Klaes, M. (2008). "transaction costs, history of," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. 页面存档备份,存于
- Niehans, Jürg (1987). “Transaction costs," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 677–80.
- Pierre Schlag, The Problem of Transaction Costs 页面存档备份,存于, 62 Southern California Law Review 1661 (1989).
- Coase, Ronald. . Economica. 1937, 4 (16): 386–405. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x.
- Coase, Ronald. . Journal of Law and Economics. 1960, 3: 1–44. doi:10.1086/466560.
- Williamson, Oliver E. (1981). "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach," The American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548-577.
- _____ (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. Preview to p. 25. New York, NY: Free Press.
- _____ (1996). The Mechanisms of Governance. Preview. 页面存档备份,存于 Oxford University Press.
- _____ (2002). "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp. 171-195.页面存档备份,存于
- Milgrom, P., and J. Roberts, "Bargaining Costs, Influence Costs, and the Organization of Economic Activity," in J.E. Alt and K.A. Shepsle (eds.), Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1990, 57-89.
- Milgrom, P.; Roberts, J. . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1992. ISBN 978-0-13-224650-7.
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