刚毛猪笼草
刚毛猪笼草（学名：）是婆罗洲特有的热带食虫植物。[2]其最大的特点就是披被着厚厚一层棕色的毛被，而其他猪笼草多只在花序上具毛被。捕虫笼多为全绿色，内表面具一些红色的斑点。[3]其种加词“hirsuta”来源于拉丁文“hirsūtus”，意为“多毛的，刚毛的”。[4]
| 刚毛猪笼草 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 产自婆罗洲巴哥国家公园的刚毛猪笼草的上位笼 | |
| 保护状况 | |
科学分类  | |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 目： | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
| 科： | 猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae |
| 属： | 猪笼草属 Nepenthes |
| 种： | 刚毛猪笼草 N. hirsuta |
| 二名法 | |
| Nepenthes hirsuta Hook.f. (1873)[1] | |
| 異名 | |
| |
刚毛猪笼草生长于海拔200米至1100米处。[5]其分布广泛于荒原森林、覆满苔藓的低地山地森林、开阔地和山脊下部的灌木丛。其通常生长在砂质土壤上。[4]
相关物种
刚毛猪笼草与粗毛猪笼草（N. hispida）和大型平庸猪笼草（N. macrovulgaris）之间存在着密切的近缘关系。植物学家马修·杰布和马丁·奇克还认为刚毛猪笼草与菲律宾巴拉望特有的菲律宾猪笼草（N. philippinensis）之间存在着密切的近缘关系。[6][7]
| 大型平庸猪笼草、刚毛猪笼草和粗毛猪笼草之间形态特征的差别（Steiner, 2002 after Clarke, 1997） | ||||
| 形态特征 | 大型平庸猪笼草 | 刚毛猪笼草 | 粗毛猪笼草 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 叶片 | 不长于30厘米，椭圆形至线形 | 革质，不长于20厘米，管状－匙形或倒卵形 | 革质，不长于28厘米，倒披针形至长圆形 | |
| 叶尖 | 急尖至钝尖 | 急尖或浑圆 | 渐尖至钝尖，常不等 | |
| 叶基 | 渐缩成带翼的叶柄，基部的叶柄翼更宽大，约包住茎周长的二分之一，不下延 | 减缩，横向平展，约包住茎周长的二分之一 | 减缩，约包住茎周长的二分之一，常下延 | |
| 纵脉 | 中脉两侧各2至3条 | 不明显 | 中脉两侧各3条 | |
| 毛被 | 成熟的捕虫笼和茎无毛被，发育中的捕虫笼有少量的短毛 | 茎覆盖着褐色的长毛，但不呈类似粗毛猪笼草的鬃毛状 | 茎覆盖着浓密的鬃毛状紫灰色毛被 | |
种下类群
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrata Macf. (1908)[9]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens W.G.Sm. (1882)[10][=N. distillatoria]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens rubra auct. non Hort. ex Rafarin: Nichols. (1892) [=N. distillatoria]
- Nepenthes hirsuta var. typica Macf. (1908) nom.illeg.
自然杂交种
- N. albomarginata × N. hirsuta[4]
- N. ampullaria × N. hirsuta[4]
- ? N. hirsuta × N. lowii[5][11]
参考文献
- （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- 夏洛特. . 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 75. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166
- Schlauer, J. 2000. Literature Reviews.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29(2): 53.
- Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes hirsuta 页面存档备份，存于. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
- Smith, W.G. 1882. New garden plants. Nepenthes hirsuta var. glabrescens. 页面存档备份，存于 The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(430): 398–399.
- Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
- Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes hirsuta Kuching Spotted.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(3): 10.
- Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
- Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes.页面存档备份，存于 The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
- Clarke 等. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000. [10 May 2006].
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries页面存档备份，存于. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo.PDF Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
- Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo页面存档备份，存于. [video] The 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Tokyo, Japan. (video by Irmgard & Siegfried R. H. Hartmeyer)
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
- Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- （德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Russell, C. & E. Ossian 1990. Opportunistic feeding involving the pitcher plants Nepenthes hirsuta, Nepenthes gracilis and the epiphytic orchid Schomburgkia tibicinis, or natural ant eradication, the rube goldberg method. The Orchid Digest 54(4): 182–184.
- Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu. viii + 136 pp.
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
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