劳氏猪笼草

劳氏猪笼草
	产于毛律山的劳氏猪笼草的上位笼
保护状况
	; 易危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	劳氏猪笼草 N. lowii
二名法
	Nepenthes lowii; Hook.f. (1859)[1]
異名
	Nepenthes macfarlanei; auct. non Hemsl.: Smythies (1965)[2];

劳氏猪笼草（学名：）是婆罗洲特有的热带食虫植物。[3]其得名于在基纳巴卢山发现劳氏猪笼草的休·洛。劳氏猪笼草是猪笼草属较为特殊的物种，其上位笼强烈收缩，唇大大缩窄，笼盖的下表面具有许多毛须。[3][4]而捕獲目標也十分奇特，是以收集生物的糞便為養分。

植物学史

命名与发现

1851年3月，身为英国殖民行政官员和博物学家的休·洛在基纳巴卢山的山坡上发现劳氏猪笼草。休·洛在他的记录中这样写道：[注 1][5]

我们一点点来认识这个不同寻常的猪笼草吧，我相信这是迄今为止未曾见过的猪笼草形态。其笼口为椭圆形，非常巨大。笼身中部剧烈的收缩成漏斗状，笼身下部膨大，扁平，与笼口成直角，与地面水平。与其他猪笼草一样，其捕虫笼由中脉强烈的延伸而来。其是一种长势强健的种类，也觉得包含了其有趣的捕虫笼。其每个捕虫笼内都装有不超过1品脱的液体，神奇的是，这些叶柄竟能经得住这些满当当的笼子。其植株通常可长达40厘米，但我没有找到幼苗及带有花序或有迹象要开花的植株。

劳氏猪笼草的模式标本由休·洛采集于基纳巴卢山，其编号为“Low s.n.”，存放于英国皇家植物园中。[6]

1859年，约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克正式描述[注 2]了劳氏猪笼草。[1]约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克的原始描述和插图刊登于斯宾塞·圣约翰于1862年出版的《远东森林生活》（Life in the Forests of the Far East）中。[7]关于基纳巴卢山的劳氏猪笼草斯宾塞·圣约翰这样写道：[注 3][7]

我们很快就来到休·洛先生急于得到的劳氏猪笼草面前。我们找不到幼苗，只能剪取一些枝条，当地人这些枝条也可以存活。……最后我们来到一个长满灌木的狭窄山脊上，这里差不多生长着上千棵劳氏猪笼草。……我们让其他人第二天早上在山洞那碰头，而我们留下来采集劳氏猪笼草和长毛猪笼草的标本。在我看来，劳氏猪笼草是所有猪笼草中最讨人喜欢的，其捕虫笼的外形特别典雅。……劳氏猪笼草捕虫笼的外表面为浅豆绿色，内表面为暗红褐色，笼盖为绿色并覆有红褐色的蜜腺。其形状就像一个典雅的葡萄酒壶。

《远东森林的生活》中劳氏猪笼草上位笼的插图（左），麦克法兰专著中劳氏猪笼草的线条画（右）

随后的几年间，许多著名的植物学家都在各大出版物上介绍了劳氏猪笼草，如弗里德里希·安东·威廉·米克尔（1870）[8]、约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克（1873）[9]、弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇（1882）[10]、奥多阿多·贝卡利（1886）[11]、恩斯特·温施曼（Ernst Wunschmann，1891）[12]、奥托·施塔普夫（1894）[13]、哈里·维奇（1897）[14]、雅各布·海斯伯特·博尔拉吉（Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage，1900）[15]和埃尔默·德鲁·美林（1921）[16]。但是，大部分出版物只是简单的提到了劳氏猪笼草。1895年，分类学家君特·贝克·冯·曼那哥塔-勒驰奈首先对劳氏猪笼草进行了分类。因其不同寻常的捕虫笼形态特征，他将劳氏猪笼草独立为一组——网纹猪笼草组（Retiferae）。[17]

约翰·缪尔黑德·麦克法兰在其1908年的专著《猪笼草科》中发表了修改后的描述和插图。[18]此外，约翰·缪尔黑德·麦克法兰还在1914年的《林奈学会杂志》（Journal of the Linnean Society）[19]和1919年的《园艺标准百科全书》（The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture）[20]上发表了关于劳氏猪笼草的文章。

1927年，荷兰植物学家B·H·丹瑟在《热带大自然》（De Tropische Natuur）中发表了一份新的劳氏猪笼草图解。[21]次年，B·H·丹瑟在他的开拓性专著《荷属东印度群岛的猪笼草科植物》中提供了劳氏猪笼草的拉丁判别法[注 4]及植物学描述。[22]

新的原生地

在基纳巴卢山发现劳氏猪笼草后不久，1922年，埃里克·米约贝里又在巴杜拉威山和毛律山发现了劳氏猪笼草。[23]埃里克·米约贝里在他对毛律山的记录中这样写道：[注 5][23][24]

我们发现我们现在身处于一个奇怪的环境中，其中具革质厚叶的灌木为优势植被。随处可见小型的树木，针叶树的树干和树枝上了附生着大量开着黄色小花的附生兰。开着鲜红或雪白花朵的杜鹃及开着类似花朵的植物到处都是；但最令人瞩目的还是只有在基纳巴卢山和巴杜拉威山才能看到的劳氏猪笼草的巨大笼子。

在考察期间，埃里克·米约贝里在毛律山采集到了劳氏猪笼草的标本，其编号为“Mjöberg 115”。[24]1926年，埃里克·米约贝里又在太本山（Bukit Batu Tiban）的东北坡上发现了劳氏猪笼草，但没有在这里采集标本。[22]

1995年4月10日至17日，约翰·H·比曼在毛律山顶峰山脊海拔2300米至2400米处采集到了另一份标本，其编号为“Beaman 11476”。[24]这份标本采集自1922年埃里克·米约贝里对毛律山的首次考察后的第八次植物学考察中。[24]

错误的鉴定

尽管劳氏猪笼草的捕虫笼具有独特的外形，但伯特伦·伊夫林·斯迈西斯曾将其暂时归为西马来西亚特有的麦克法兰猪笼草（N. macfarlanei）[6]，但他也表示其可能是一个新的物种[25]。这个错误的鉴定发表在1965年于古晋举行的联合国教科文组织热带湿地研讨会（UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium）上[2]，而该报告是基于1963年7月，爱丽丝·希拉·达顿·科莱尼特（Iris Sheila Darnton Collenette）在东马西劳河[25]采集的标本作出的。[26]之所以会将它们混淆，是因为劳氏猪笼草下位笼的笼盖下表面具长须且其唇较发达，上位笼的唇极窄；而麦克法兰猪笼草笼盖的下表面也具毛须，但实际上比劳氏猪笼草短得多。[25]

形态特征

劳氏猪笼草莲座状植株的下位笼

茎与叶

劳氏猪笼草为藤本植物。茎呈圆柱形，可长达10米[5]，直径可达20毫米。节间距可达8厘米。[4]

劳氏猪笼草的叶片为革质，具柄，呈长圆形－披针形，可长达30厘米，宽至9厘米。[25]叶尖圆，叶基骤缩。叶柄呈槽状，可长达14厘米。[25]其包住茎周长的三分之二到五分之四。[25]中脉两侧各有3至4条纵脉。羽状脉直向延伸或倾斜延伸。笼蔓可长达20厘米，通常不形成笼蔓圈。[4]

产于毛律山的劳氏猪笼草的上位笼

捕虫笼

劳氏猪笼草下位笼的下部为球形，中部收缩成葫芦形，上部再扩大。下位笼比上位笼小，高仅可达10厘米，宽尽可达4厘米。因劳氏猪笼草会迅速的进入攀援阶段，所以它的下位笼很少见。腹面的笼翼常仅出现于捕虫笼的上半部。唇为圆柱形，基部宽大。其可宽达12毫米，具突出的唇齿与唇肋。[4]内缘部分约占截面表面总长度的62%。[27]下位笼内表面的下半部覆盖着腺体。[4]蜡质区稀少。[27]笼盖为圆形，其下表面具极茂密的肉质长须，可长达2厘米。除此之外，笼盖无其他附属物。笼盖基部后方的笼蔓尾不分叉。[4]

劳氏猪笼草的上位笼非常特别，其下部为球形，中部剧烈收缩，上部为漏斗形。上位笼体型较大，可高达28厘米[5]，宽至10厘米。上位笼的笼翼大大缩窄。笼口边缘的唇仅剩下一系列唇肋。上位笼内表面整体都为腺体区，无蜡质区。[28]笼盖外翻，为卵形－椭圆形，可长达15厘米，宽至9厘米[25]，无附属物。笼盖下表面具大量长约2厘米的长须。笼蔓尾和下位笼一样不分叉。[4]劳氏猪笼草的上位笼非常坚硬，几乎是木质的。枯萎以后，仍可完好的保持形状。[3][5]

花序与被毛

劳氏猪笼草的花序为总状花序。总花梗可长达20厘米，花序轴可长达25厘米。花梗可长达20毫米，带两朵花，无苞片。[25]萼片为长方形，可长达5毫米。[4][29]一项对来自标本（J.H.Adam 2406、J.H.Adam 2395和SAN 23341，采集于海拔1700至2500米处）花粉大小的研究显示，其570粒花粉的平均直径为33.0微米（标准误为0.2，变异系数为7.8%）。[30]

劳氏猪笼草植株的大部分无毛被。仅花序、发育中的组织及叶片边缘具有棕色的短毛被。[4]

生态关系

原生地

劳氏猪笼草是婆罗洲上许多相互隔离的山峰上特有的热带食虫植物。在沙巴，劳氏猪笼草存在于基纳巴卢山[4]、坦布幼昆山[25]、阿兰伯山（Mount Alab）[31]、门塔波山（Mount Mentapok）[5]、莫库伯山（Mount Monkobo）[4]和特鲁斯马迪山[5]。在沙捞越北部，其生长于阿比山[31]、布利山（Mount Buli[32]、姆鲁山[4]、毛律山[32]、巴杜拉威山[33]、霍斯山脉[32]、塔玛阿布山脉（Tama Abu Range）[32]和峇里奧[32]。劳氏猪笼草也存在于文莱，如在巴贡山海拔1650米至2600米的山顶地区。[注 6][4][34][35]

生长于沙捞越毛律山山脊顶部的灌木丛中的劳氏猪笼草

劳氏猪笼草一般生长于土地贫瘠[36]的山顶地区。其可陆生或附生。典型的原生地为苔藓森林或矮小的山脊顶部植被区。[4]劳氏猪笼草常常长于泥炭藓中，基底由超基性岩、砂岩、花岗岩及石灰岩组成。[5]

在基纳巴卢山，劳氏猪笼草分布于东部山脊（East Ridge）、东马西劳河及堪巴兰格地区。[25]劳氏猪笼草曾分散分布于基纳巴卢山顶峰步道附近[37][38][39]海拔1970米至2270米的地区。[5]由于1997年至1998年的厄尔尼诺现象造成的森林大火及登山者的破坏，基纳巴卢山顶峰步道附近的劳氏猪笼草多已死亡。现已很难在基纳巴卢山上发现劳氏猪笼草[40][41]，“尚未确定”顶峰步道附近是否还存在劳氏猪笼草[42]。

产于特鲁斯马迪山的劳氏猪笼草变型[43]可长出比基纳巴卢山产的劳氏猪笼草更大的捕虫笼[44]。在毛律山，劳氏猪笼草生长于海拔1860米以上的地区。由于其恶劣的气候条件及缺乏植被保护，生于山顶的劳氏猪笼草一般都非常矮小。[45]

劳氏猪笼草在姆鲁山上随处可见。[40]姆鲁山山顶的植被都很矮小，高度很少有超过1米。主要由杜鹃属植物（特别是Rhododendron ericoides）[46]及越橘属（Vaccinium）和簇白珠属（Diplycosia）植物组成[47]。

保护状况

劳氏猪笼草的上位笼，笼盖的下表面可见白色分泌物

劳氏猪笼草的上位笼比鞍型猪笼草收缩得更为剧

根据2000年的评估，劳氏猪笼草已被列入《2006年世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》中，保护状况为易危。[32]1997年，查尔斯·克拉克就对其进行了非正式的评估，但他指出，若将保护区内的种群考虑在内，那么其保护状况应为依赖保育。[4]不过，世界保护监测中心只将其列于“濒危”和“易危”之间。[48]

食虫性

相比其他猪笼草而言，劳氏猪笼草很少捕食昆虫。[49]初步研究表明，劳氏猪笼草可能已经从单纯的（或者主要）捕食昆虫，转变为收集取食其糖蜜的树鼩和太阳鸟的粪便。[3][4][50][51]

劳氏猪笼草的上位笼很独特，其笼盖外翻，下表面具许多长须，有如一個生化馬桶一般。长须间上积累了大量白色物质，而这些白色物质是什么一直被学者们争论不休。20世纪60年代，J·哈里森（J. Harrison）认为这些白色珠子是蜗牛卵。[52]1961年至1964年，E·J·H· 科纳（ E. J. H. Corner）领导了皇家学会对基纳巴卢山的考察，他写道：[注 7][53]

……一声鸣响，树鼩在劳氏猪笼草的捕虫笼上上窜下跳，可听到枯死的空捕虫笼撞击到一起的声音。新加坡已故的J·哈里森教授发现笼盖下表面长须间的东西是蜗牛卵，这吸引了树鼩前来觅食。

但是彼得·达马托和克利夫·多德（Cliff Dodd）研究发现，这些白色物质是植物的自身产物。[52]这种物质被描述为具甜味[4]，“略微的臭味”[5]，或是柠檬口味的糖果[3]。目前不清楚为什么劳氏猪笼草的下位笼也具有长须并也会产生这些白色分泌物。查尔斯·克拉克认为，这可能是为了引诱地面的动物，使得它们顺着爬至上位笼处。[4]

查尔斯·克拉克对劳氏猪笼草的食虫性进行了一系列的实地观察。在7个捕虫笼对象中，就有5个里面含有大量的动物粪便。[4]2009年的一项研究发现，一个成熟的劳氏猪笼草叶片中约有57%至100%的氮素来自树鼩的粪便。[54][55][56]2010年的另一项研究显示，捕虫笼的大小恰好可以让山地树鼩（Tupaia montana）将粪便排入笼内。[57][58]具有类似特征的猪笼草还包括大叶猪笼草（N. macrophylla）和马来王猪笼草（N. rajah），也可能包括鞍型猪笼草（N. ephippiata）。[58][59][60][61][62]这些物种捕虫笼笼盖下表面反射的光线都对应山地树鼩的视敏感最大值，即蓝绿波段。[63]

这种现象并不是在劳氏猪笼草上首次发现的。早在1989年就有学者认为产自塞舌尔的伯威尔猪笼草（N. pervillei）不再捕食昆虫转而收集起鸟类的粪便了。[64]但目前还没有全面的研究，这个假说还有待实验证实。[40][50]

自然杂交种

至少已发现7种劳氏猪笼草的自然杂交种。

暗色猪笼草与劳氏猪笼草的自然杂交种

该自然杂交种最早被查尔斯·克拉克认为是陈氏猪笼草（N. chaniana，当时陈氏猪笼草还未从细毛猪笼草中独立[66]）。[4][67]但是，安西娅·飞利浦、安东尼·兰姆和都不认同他的观点，他们在2008年的专著《婆罗洲的猪笼草》中指出这个物种具有暗色猪笼草（N. fusca）的特征，例如其具有三角形的笼盖和细长的唇颈。[68]他们还指出，暗色猪笼草和劳氏猪笼草同域分布于阿兰伯山山顶地区，而陈氏猪笼草在此较为少见。[68]其他可能的杂交亲本为窄叶猪笼草（N. stenophylla），但其也显然不存在于此。[68]

暗色猪笼草与劳氏猪笼草的自然杂交种（N. fusca × N. lowii）由罗伯特·坎特利和查尔斯·克拉克在沙捞越的巴杜拉威山发现。[4]最近也在特鲁斯马迪山也发现了该自然杂交种的单一植株。[69]查尔斯·克拉克后来发现，在沙巴的克罗克山脉，特别是在阿兰伯山顶峰附近也存在该自然杂交种。[4]该自然杂交种的捕虫笼中部略微收缩，颜色为绿色至暗紫色。[4]

该自然杂交种与暗色猪笼草的区别在于其捕虫笼笼盖的下表面具长须；与劳氏猪笼草区别在于其茎和叶片边缘覆盖了茂密的毛被，且唇发达，呈圆柱形。劳氏猪笼草的下位笼有突出的唇齿，而该自然杂交种的唇齿不明显。此外，其笼盖下表面存在从暗色猪笼草继承来的具蜜腺附属物。[4]

暗色猪笼草与劳氏猪笼草的自然杂交种很难与其他猪笼草混淆，但有时它会同陈氏猪笼草与维奇猪笼草（N. veitchii）的自然杂交种很相似。但它们的唇并不相似，陈氏猪笼草与维奇猪笼草的自然杂交种的唇更宽，更平展，不为圆柱形。此外，其笼盖下表面无毛须，而茎与叶上覆盖这密集的毛被。[4]

劳氏猪笼草与大叶猪笼草的自然杂交种

特鲁斯马迪山猪笼草的上位笼

1983年，约翰内斯·马拉维尼（Johannes Marabini）和约翰·布里格斯（John Briggs）在特鲁斯马迪山上发现了劳氏猪笼草与大叶猪笼草的自然杂交种（N. lowii × N. macrophylla）。之后，约翰内斯·马拉维尼给将该自然杂交种描述为特鲁斯马迪山猪笼草（N. × trusmadiensis）。[70]1984年，约翰·布里格斯再次来到特鲁斯马迪山，但仅发现了一小块种群。[5]

特鲁斯马迪山猪笼草的叶片可长达50厘米。其是婆罗洲的猪笼草中可以长出巨大笼子的几种之一[71][72]，捕虫笼可高达35厘米。其表现为劳氏猪笼草与大叶猪笼草的中间型。其笼盖与劳氏猪笼草一样外翻，且笼盖下表面具短毛须。[4]唇具突出的唇齿和楞，但不如大叶猪笼草发达。[40]特鲁斯马迪山猪笼草的花序可长达50厘米，每个花梗带两朵花。[5]除了捕虫笼之外，植株的其他部分并不巨大。[4]

特鲁斯马迪山猪笼草仅分布于特鲁斯马迪山顶峰山脊海拔2500至2600米的地区。[5]

劳氏猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种

安西娅·飞利浦和安东尼·兰姆在其专著《婆罗洲的猪笼草》中提及了劳氏猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种（N. lowii × N. stenophylla）。因1985年，约翰·布里格斯在沙巴门塔波山采集到了劳氏猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种的标本，所以其也被称之为门塔波山猪笼草[5]。在婆罗洲北部也存在几个原生地，包括了文莱的巴贡山。[5]

在门塔波山，该自然杂交种由捕虫笼可高达35厘米的窄叶猪笼草巨型变型及颜色极深且唇“极窄，显著粗糙”的劳氏猪笼草变型杂交得到。[5]

劳氏猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种的叶片具柄，捕虫笼细长，可高达25厘米。捕虫笼上有类似窄叶猪笼草的深黑色条纹。其唇平展，卷曲成圆柱形。笼盖为卵形可能外翻，露出笼盖下表面的深色毛须。其与劳氏猪笼草一样毛须间也有丰富的白色分泌物。[4]笼盖下表面窄叶猪笼草特有的钩状附属物缩小为一个小突起。[5]

劳氏猪笼草与窄叶猪笼草的自然杂交种仅存于于顶峰山脊海拔1500米以上的苔藓森林中的猪笼草。该处恰好是窄叶猪笼草分布的海拔上限及劳氏猪笼草分布的海拔下限。[5]

其他自然杂交种

除此之外，劳氏猪笼草的自然杂交种还包括了与胡瑞尔猪笼草（N. hurrelliana）[68][73]、姆鲁山猪笼草（N. muluensis）[35]和维奇猪笼草[4]，还可能包括刚毛猪笼草（N. hirsuta）[68]和毛盖猪笼草（N. tentaculata）[46]。劳氏猪笼草与马来王猪笼草的自然杂交种（N. lowii × N. rajah）的个例生长于马西劳步道附近。[42][74]

注释

休·洛对基纳巴卢山的山坡上发现的劳氏猪笼草的描述原文：[5]

A little way further we came upon a most extraordinary Nepenthes, of, I believe, a hitherto unknown form, the mouth being oval and large, the neck exceedingly contracted so as to appear funnel-shaped, and at right angles to the body of the pitcher, which was large, swollen out laterally, flattened above and sustained in an horizontal position by the strong prolongation of the midrib of the plant as in other species. It is a very strong growing kind and absolutely covered with its interesting pitchers, each of which contains little less than a pint of water and all of them were full to the brim, so admirably were they sustained by the supporting petiole. The plants were generally upwards of 40 ft long, but I could find no young ones nor any flowers, not even traces of either.

1859年，约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克对于劳氏猪笼草的原始描述：[1]

      Ascidia magna, curva, basi inflata, medio constricta, dein ampliata, infundibuliformia; ore maximo, latissimo, annulo O.
      Nepenthes Lowii, H. f.—Caule robusto tereti, foliis crasse coriaceis, longe crasse petiolatis lineari-oblongis, ascidiis magnis curvis basi ventricosis medio valde constrictis, ore maximo ampliato, annulo O, operculo oblongo intus dense longe setoso. (Tab. LXXI.)
      Hab.—Kina Balu; alt. 6,000–8,000 feet (Low).
      A noble species, with very remarkable pitchers, quite unlike those of any other species. They are curved, 4–10 inches long, swollen at the base, then much constricted, and suddenly dilating to a broad, wide, open mouth, with glossy shelving inner walls, and a minute row of low tubercles round the circumference; they are of a bright pea green, mottled inside with purple. The leaves closely resemble those of Edwardsiana and Boschiana in size, form, and texture, but are more linear-oblong.
      I have specimens of what are sent as the male flower and fruit, but not being attached, I have not ventured to describe them as such. The male raceme is eight inches long, dense flowered. Peduncles simple. Perianth with depressed glands on the inner surface, externally rufous and pubescent. Column long and slender. Female inflorescence: a very dense oblong panicle; rachis, peduncles, perianth, and fruit-covered with rusty tomentum. Capsules, two-thirds of an inch long, one-sixth of an inch broad.

斯宾塞·圣约翰对基纳巴卢山的劳氏猪笼草的描述原文：[7]

We soon came upon the magnificent pitcher-plant, the Nepenthes Lowii, which Mr. Low was anxious to obtain. We could find no young plants, but took cuttings, which the natives said would grow. [...] We at last reached a narrow, rocky ridge, covered with brushwood, but with thousands of plants of the beautiful Nepenthes Lowii growing among them. [...] We sent our men on next morning to wait for us at the cave, while we stayed behind to collect specimens of the Nepenthes Lowii and the Nepenthes Villosa. The former is, in my opinion, the loveliest of them all, and its shape is most elegant. [...] The outside colour of the pitchers is a bright pea-green, the inside dark mahogany; the lid is green, while the glandular are mahogany-coloured. A very elegant claret jug might be made of this shape.

B·H·丹瑟的专著中对劳氏猪笼草的拉丁文判别法：[22]

Folia mediocria petiolata, lamina lanceolata v. oblonga, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 3, vagina caulis c. 2/3 amplectente ; ascidia rosularum et inferiora ignota ; ascidia superiora magna, parte inferiore globosa, medio valde constricta, os versus infundibuliformia, costis 2 elevatis, ore expanso operculum versus acuto, peristomio 0, operculo oblongo facie inferiore setis crassis longis, prope basin carina crassa obtusa ; inflorescentia racemus longus pedicellis c. 25 mm longis omnibus 2-floris ; indumentum in partibus iuvenilibus parcum tomentosum v. hirsutum, denique subnullum.

埃里克·米约贝里对毛律山的记录原文：[23][24]

We found ourselves in a strange landscape where low bushes with thick leathery leaves constituted the predominating vegetation. Here and there smaller trees were seen, among them a conifer with trunk and larger branches practically covered with the yellow blossoms of a small, richly flowering, epiphytic orchid. Bright scarlet or snow-white flowers of rhododendron and similar plants were met with everywhere; and most noticeable were the enormous and characteristically shaped pitchers of Nepenthes lowii, hitherto recorded only from Kinabalu and Batu Lawi.

在朱马特·哈吉·亚当、克里斯托弗·C·威尔科克和M·D·斯恩（M. D. Swaine）1992年的文章中给出的劳氏猪笼草海拔分布范围为900米至3400米。[31]

J·H· 科纳对基纳巴卢山考察的描述原文：[53]

[...] a ringing gonging which we traced to tupaias scampering over the pitchers of N. lowii and banging the old empty and resonant pitchers together. The late Professor J. Harrison of Singapore discovered that a snail laid its eggs in the hairs under the lid and that the tupaias came to eat them.

1928年，B·H·丹瑟专著中解释将劳氏猪笼草E·归入皇室分支原因的原文：[22]

Most aberrant is N. Lowii, the leaves and the stem of which are coarse, whereas the indumentum is almost absent and the pitchers show a peculiar form and have no peristome, the lid is vaulted, the midrib is keeled but has no appendage, the lower surface is covered with thick hairs, the glands of the inner surface of the pitcher are so large, that the interspaces are reduced to lines. All these characters, however seem to have little taxonomic value. The form of the pitcher is analogous to that of N. inermis of the Montanae group, which also has no peristome. The peculiar bristles on the lower surface of the lid are found less developed in N. Macfarlanei. The large, flat glands on the inner surface of the pitchers are also found in the lower part of the pitchers of N. Rajah. This is the reason why I have not distinguished a separate group for this species.

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Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7.
Bourke, G. 2011. The Nepenthes of Mulu National Park. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 20–31.
Clarke, C.M., U. Bauer, C.C. Lee, A.A. Tuen, K. Rembold & J.A. Moran 2009. Supplementary methods. Biology Letters, published online on June 10, 2009.
Harms, H. 1936. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler & K. Prantl. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 2 aufl. band 17b.
Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries 页面存档备份，存于. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes species of the Hose Mountains in Sarawak, Borneo.PDF Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Conference, Hiroshima University, Tokyo: 25–30.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
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維基共享資源中有關劳氏猪笼草的多媒體資源維基物種中有關劳氏猪笼草的數據

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[P&L-6] 休·洛对基纳巴卢山的山坡上发现的劳氏猪笼草的描述原文：[5]

A little way further we came upon a most extraordinary Nepenthes, of, I believe, a hitherto unknown form, the mouth being oval and large, the neck exceedingly contracted so as to appear funnel-shaped, and at right angles to the body of the pitcher, which was large, swollen out laterally, flattened above and sustained in an horizontal position by the strong prolongation of the midrib of the plant as in other species. It is a very strong growing kind and absolutely covered with its interesting pitchers, each of which contains little less than a pint of water and all of them were full to the brim, so admirably were they sustained by the supporting petiole. The plants were generally upwards of 40 ft long, but I could find no young ones nor any flowers, not even traces of either.

[Hooker-8] 1859年，约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克对于劳氏猪笼草的原始描述：[1]

Ascidia magna, curva, basi inflata, medio constricta, dein ampliata, infundibuliformia; ore maximo, latissimo, annulo O.
Nepenthes Lowii, H. f.—Caule robusto tereti, foliis crasse coriaceis, longe crasse petiolatis lineari-oblongis, ascidiis magnis curvis basi ventricosis medio valde constrictis, ore maximo ampliato, annulo O, operculo oblongo intus dense longe setoso. (Tab. LXXI.)
Hab.—Kina Balu; alt. 6,000–8,000 feet (Low).
A noble species, with very remarkable pitchers, quite unlike those of any other species. They are curved, 4–10 inches long, swollen at the base, then much constricted, and suddenly dilating to a broad, wide, open mouth, with glossy shelving inner walls, and a minute row of low tubercles round the circumference; they are of a bright pea green, mottled inside with purple. The leaves closely resemble those of Edwardsiana and Boschiana in size, form, and texture, but are more linear-oblong.
I have specimens of what are sent as the male flower and fruit, but not being attached, I have not ventured to describe them as such. The male raceme is eight inches long, dense flowered. Peduncles simple. Perianth with depressed glands on the inner surface, externally rufous and pubescent. Column long and slender. Female inflorescence: a very dense oblong panicle; rachis, peduncles, perianth, and fruit-covered with rusty tomentum. Capsules, two-thirds of an inch long, one-sixth of an inch broad.

[John-10] 斯宾塞·圣约翰对基纳巴卢山的劳氏猪笼草的描述原文：[7]

We soon came upon the magnificent pitcher-plant, the Nepenthes Lowii, which Mr. Low was anxious to obtain. We could find no young plants, but took cuttings, which the natives said would grow. [...] We at last reached a narrow, rocky ridge, covered with brushwood, but with thousands of plants of the beautiful Nepenthes Lowii growing among them. [...] We sent our men on next morning to wait for us at the cave, while we stayed behind to collect specimens of the Nepenthes Lowii and the Nepenthes Villosa. The former is, in my opinion, the loveliest of them all, and its shape is most elegant. [...] The outside colour of the pitchers is a bright pea-green, the inside dark mahogany; the lid is green, while the glandular are mahogany-coloured. A very elegant claret jug might be made of this shape.

[Danser1-26] B·H·丹瑟的专著中对劳氏猪笼草的拉丁文判别法：[22]

Folia mediocria petiolata, lamina lanceolata v. oblonga, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 3, vagina caulis c. 2/3 amplectente ; ascidia rosularum et inferiora ignota ; ascidia superiora magna, parte inferiore globosa, medio valde constricta, os versus infundibuliformia, costis 2 elevatis, ore expanso operculum versus acuto, peristomio 0, operculo oblongo facie inferiore setis crassis longis, prope basin carina crassa obtusa ; inflorescentia racemus longus pedicellis c. 25 mm longis omnibus 2-floris ; indumentum in partibus iuvenilibus parcum tomentosum v. hirsutum, denique subnullum.

[Mjoberg-29] 埃里克·米约贝里对毛律山的记录原文：[23][24]

We found ourselves in a strange landscape where low bushes with thick leathery leaves constituted the predominating vegetation. Here and there smaller trees were seen, among them a conifer with trunk and larger branches practically covered with the yellow blossoms of a small, richly flowering, epiphytic orchid. Bright scarlet or snow-white flowers of rhododendron and similar plants were met with everywhere; and most noticeable were the enormous and characteristically shaped pitchers of Nepenthes lowii, hitherto recorded only from Kinabalu and Batu Lawi.

[AWS1992-39] 在朱马特·哈吉·亚当、克里斯托弗·C·威尔科克和M·D·斯恩（M. D. Swaine）1992年的文章中给出的劳氏猪笼草海拔分布范围为900米至3400米。[31]

[Corner-60] J·H· 科纳对基纳巴卢山考察的描述原文：[53]

[...] a ringing gonging which we traced to tupaias scampering over the pitchers of N. lowii and banging the old empty and resonant pitchers together. The late Professor J. Harrison of Singapore discovered that a snail laid its eggs in the hairs under the lid and that the tupaias came to eat them.

[Danser2-72] 1928年，B·H·丹瑟专著中解释将劳氏猪笼草E·归入皇室分支原因的原文：[22]

Most aberrant is N. Lowii, the leaves and the stem of which are coarse, whereas the indumentum is almost absent and the pitchers show a peculiar form and have no peristome, the lid is vaulted, the midrib is keeled but has no appendage, the lower surface is covered with thick hairs, the glands of the inner surface of the pitcher are so large, that the interspaces are reduced to lines. All these characters, however seem to have little taxonomic value. The form of the pitcher is analogous to that of N. inermis of the Montanae group, which also has no peristome. The peculiar bristles on the lower surface of the lid are found less developed in N. Macfarlanei. The large, flat glands on the inner surface of the pitchers are also found in the lower part of the pitchers of N. Rajah. This is the reason why I have not distinguished a separate group for this species.

[Hooker1859-1] Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus 页面存档备份，存于. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x

[Smythies1965-2] Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.

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[82] A rare find: N. rajah nat. hybrid 页面存档备份，存于. Flora Nepenthaceae.