巨大質量恆星列表
不確定性和警告
表中所列出的恆星質量都是從理論上推測的,依據的是恆星很難測定的溫度和絕對星等。所有列出的恆星質量都是不確定的:因為天文學家已經將目前的理論和測量技術發揮到了極限,而無論是理論或觀測,只要有一個錯誤,或是兩者都錯,結果就會不正確。例如仙王座VV變星,依據這顆恆星特有的產物估算,質量就可能是太陽的25至40倍,或是100倍。
大質量恆星是很罕見的,表中列出的恆星距離都在數千光年以上,它們孤單地存在著,使距離很難測量。除了很遠之外,這些質量極端巨大的恆星似乎都被噴發出來的氣體雲氣包圍著;周圍的氣體會遮蔽恆星的光度,使原本就很難測量的光度和溫度更難測量,並且也使測量他們內部化學成分變成更加複雜的問題。[1]
另一方面,雲氣的遮蔽也阻礙了觀測,而難以確認是一顆大質量恆星,還是多星系統。下表中必然有一定數量的恆星也許是轨道极近的聯星,每一顆恆星的質量必然也不小,但不一定是巨大的質量;這些系統仍然可以二選一的是一顆或多顆大質量恆星,或有許多質量不大的伴星。因此表中許多恆星的質量經常是目前被研究的主題,質量經常被重測,而且經常被校正。[2]
表中列出的質量中,數據最可靠的恆星是NGC 3603-A1[3]和維斯特盧2,因為兩者都是聯星系統(兩顆恆星沿著軌道互繞)。天文學家能夠運用克卜勒行星運動定律,經由研究它們的軌道運動可以測量出兩顆恆星各自的質量。NGC 3603-A1和維斯特盧2還都是食雙星,還可以測量徑向速度和光度曲線來測量質量。
恆星演化
一定數量的恆星也許已經拋出了比目前估計還要多的質量,但因為這些巨額質量的流失是經由次級的假超新星爆炸事件產生的,因此可能已經拋出了10倍於太陽的質量。也會有一定數量的超新星和極超新星殘骸,它們的質量可以依據在爆炸前觀測到的前超新星或前極超新星的質量,和超新星或極超新星爆炸時的能量和事件的類型來估計。[4]這種恆星(如果還未爆炸)將很容易出現在這張表中(但是它們也可能不在表中)。
巨大質量的恆星列表
沃尔夫-拉叶星 |
高光度蓝变星 |
O型星 |
B型星 |
黄或红特超巨星 |
太陽質量100倍以上的恒星:
恆星名称 | 質量(太陽質量=1) | 距地球距離 (光年) |
參考文獻 |
---|---|---|---|
BAT99-98 | 226 | 165,000 | [5] |
R136a1 | 215 | 163,000 | [6] |
R136a7 | 199 | 163,000 | [6] |
BAT99-105 | 189 | 163,000 | [7] |
R136a2 | 187 | 163,000 | [6] |
VFTS 1022 | 178 | 164,000 | [7] |
R136a5 | 171 | 157,000 | [6] |
R136a4 | 167 | 157,000 | [6] |
HSH95-46 | 160 | 163,000 | [6] |
R136a3 | 154 | 163,000 | [6] |
VFTS 682 | 153 | 164,000 | [8] |
HD 15558 A | 152 | 24,400 | [9] |
HSH95-36 | 149 | 163,000 | [6] |
BAT99-116 A | 147 | 163,000 | [10] |
VFTS 482 | 145 | 164,000 | [7] |
R136c | 142 | 163,000 | [11] |
VFTS 1021 | 141 | 164,000 | [7] |
HD 268721 A | 140 | 160,000 | [12] |
VFTS 506 | 138 | 164,000 | [8] |
BAT99-116 B | 136 | 163,000 | [10] |
VFTS 545 | 133 | 164,000 | [7] |
HD 97950 B | 132 | 24,700 | [3] |
HD 269810 | 130 | 163,000 | [13] |
WR 42e | 123 | 25,000 | [14] |
R136a6 | 121 | 157,000 | [6] |
LSS 4067 | 120 | 11,000 | [15] |
HD 97950 A1a | 120 | 24,700 | [3] |
WR 93 | 120 | 5,900 | [15] |
R136b | 117 | 163,000 | [6] |
WR 24 | 114 | 14,000 | [16] |
HD 97950 C | 113 | 22,500 | [3] |
WR 102ae | 111 | 25,000 | [17] |
天鹅座OB2#12 | 110 | 5,200 | [18] |
HD 93129 Aa | 110 | 7,500 | [19] |
R146 | 109 | 164,000 | [5] |
VFTS 621 | 107 | 164,000 | [7] |
WR 21a A | 104 | 26,100 | [20] |
R99 | 103 | 164,000 | [5] |
HSH95-47 | 102 | 163,000 | [6] |
WR 102ad | 101 | 25,000 | [17] |
WR 102ah | 101 | 25,000 | [17] |
海山二(船底座η A) | 100 | 7,500 | [21] |
牡丹星(WR 102ka) | 100 | 26,000 | [22] |
VFTS 457 | 100 | 164,000 | [7] |
一些常见的质量在25-100个太阳质量之间的恒星:
恆星名称 | 質量(太陽質量=1) | 距地球距離 (光年) |
參考文獻 |
---|---|---|---|
WR 25 A | 98 | 6,500 | [16] |
R136a8 | 96 | 157,000 | [23] |
HD 303308 | 93 | 9,200 | [15] |
HD 97950 A1b | 92 | 24,800 | [3] |
HD 38282 B | 90 | 163,000 | [24] |
WR 89 | 87 | 11,000 | [16] |
WR 102aj | 86 | 25,000 | [17] |
WR 102hb | 86 | 26,000 | [25] |
BI 253 | 84 | 164,000 | [7] |
WR 102ea | 83 | 26,000 | [25] |
HD 93250 A | 83 | 7,500 | [26] |
WR 20a A | 83 | 20,000 | [27] |
WR 20a B | 82 | 20,000 | [27] |
川普勒27-27 | 81 | 3,900 | [15] |
HD 38282 A | 80 | 163,000 | [24] |
圆拱星团-F15 | 80 | 25,000 | [17] |
Pismis 24-17 | 78 | 5,900 | [28] |
HD 93632 | 76 | 10,000 | [15] |
WR 22 A | 75 | 8,300 | [16] |
HD 93128 | 75 | 8,000 | [15] |
Pismis 24-1NE | 74 | 6,500 | [28] |
WR 102af | 70 | 25,000 | [17] |
HD 37974 | 70 | 163,000 | [29] |
M33 X-7的伴星 | 70 | 2,700,000 | [30] |
BD+43° 3654 | 70 | 5,400 | [31] |
HD 93129 Ab | 70 | 7,500 | [19] |
HD 229059 | 69 | 3,000 | [15] |
HD 93403 A | 69 | 10,400 | [32] |
船底座V661 | 68 | 10,000 | [15] |
HM 1-8 | 68 | 11,000 | [15] |
圆拱星团-F18 | 67 | 25,000 | [17] |
WR 102df | 67 | 25,000 | [17] |
Pismis 24-1SW | 66 | 6,500 | [28] |
WR 102al | 66 | 25,000 | [17] |
HD 5980 B | 66 | 200,000 | [33] |
川普勒27-23 | 64 | 3,900 | [15] |
HD 93160 | 62 | 8,000 | [15] |
天鹅座V2245 | 62 | 5,000 | [31] |
HD 5980 A | 61 | 200,000 | [33] |
AB8 B | 61 | 197,000 | [33] |
Var 83 | 60 | 3,000,000 | [34] |
WR 87 | 59 | 11,000 | [16] |
HD 93204 | 59 | 9,200 | [15] |
WR 21a B | 58 | 26,000 | [20] |
WR 102ea | 58 | 26,000 | [35] |
HD 305525 | 58 | 10,000 | [15] |
圆拱星团-F28 | 57 | 25,000 | [17] |
天鹅座V1827 | 57 | 5,100 | [31] |
南十字座CD B | 57 | 14,000 | [36] |
弧矢增二十二(船尾座ζ) | 56 | 1,080 | [37] |
普拉斯基特星 B | 56 | 5,250 | [38] |
圆拱星团-F21 | 56 | 25,000 | [17] |
WR 102ab | 55 | 25,000 | [17] |
船底座AG | 55 | 15,000 | [39] |
人马座9 A | 55 | 5,800 | [40] |
WR 102ba | 54 | 25,000 | [17] |
R145 B | 54 | 163,000 | [41] |
BD+40° 4210 | 54 | 5,000 | [31] |
普拉斯基特星 A | 54 | 5,250 | [38] |
R145 A | 53 | 163,000 | [41] |
WR 102bb | 52 | 25,000 | [17] |
HD 93129 B | 52 | 7,500 | [42] |
天鹅座OB2-516 | 52 | 5,100 | [43] |
造父三(仙王座λ) | 51 | 3,100 | [37] |
WR 147 | 51 | 2,100 | [16] |
HD 303311 | 51 | 8,000 | [15] |
仙女座AE | 50 | 2,500,000 | [34] |
圆规座CX | 50 | 10,000 | [15] |
HM 1-12 | 50 | 11,000 | [15] |
天鹅座NML | 50 | 5,200 | [44] |
WR 102bc | 50 | 25,000 | [17] |
GCIRS 16SW1 | 50 | 26,000 | [45] |
GCIRS 16SW2 | 50 | 26,000 | [45] |
南十字座CD A | 48 | 14,000 | [36] |
LH54-425 A | 47 | 165,000 | [46] |
WR 102ak | 46 | 25,000 | [17] |
人马座V4650 | 46 | 26,000 | [47] |
WR 102c | 45 | 26,000 | [48] |
HD 15558 B | 45 | 7,500 | [9] |
HD 50064 | 45 | 9,500 | [49] |
GCIRS 8* | 45 | 26,000 | [50] |
WR 148 A | 44 | 27,000 | [16] |
AB7 B | 44 | 197,000 | [33] |
WR 102ag | 43 | 25,000 | [17] |
南十字座BP A | 43 | 5,700 | [18] |
司怪三(猎户座χ2) | 42 | 1,800 | [51] |
WR 102i | 42 | 26,000 | [25] |
WR 102aa | 42 | 25,000 | [17] |
Sher 25 | 40 | 25,000 | [52] |
螣蛇十二(仙后座ρ) | 40 | 3,420 | [53] |
罗马诺星 | 40 | 2,760,000 | [54] |
WR 30a B | 40 | 25,300 | [55] |
天鹰座V1429 A | 40 | 9,800 | [56] |
HD 93403 B | 37 | 10,400 | [32] |
WR 148 B | 37 | 27,000 | [16] |
天津增九(天鹅座P) | 37 | 5,100 | [57] |
人马座9 B | 36 | 5,800 | [40] |
LBV 1806-20 | 36 | 28,000 | [58] |
尾宿三(天蝎座ζ1) | 36 | 8,220 | [18] |
WR 140 B | 36 | 5,600 | [59] |
伐增二(猎户座θ1C1) | 33 | 1,350 | [60] |
参宿一(猎户座ζ Aa) | 33 | 1,260 | [61] |
WR 156 | 32 | 16,000 | [16] |
WR 9 B | 32 | 15,000 | [62] |
WR 102ai | 31 | 25,000 | [17] |
少卫/紫微右垣六(鹿豹座α) | 31 | 6,000 | [63] |
海山二(船底座η B) | 30 | 7,500 | [64] |
参宿二(猎户座ε) | 30 | 2,000 | [65] |
WR 12 A | 30 | 18,600 | [16] |
天社一(船帆座γ B) | 30 | 1,230 | [66] |
HD 179821 | 30 | 9,650 | [67] |
HD 268835 | 30 | 163,000 | [29] |
WR 102d | 29 | 26,000 | [25] |
VFTS 352 B | 29 | 164,000 | [68] |
VFTS 352 A | 29 | 164,000 | [68] |
WR 142 | 29 | 5,400 | [69] |
LH54-425 B | 28 | 165,000 | [46] |
手枪星(人马座V4647) | 28 | 25,000 | [47] |
WR 1 | 27 | 10,200 | [16] |
R71 | 27 | 163,000 | [70] |
蝎虎座10 | 27 | 2,330 | [71] |
天鹰座V1429 B | 26 | 9,800 | [56] |
卷舌三(英仙座ξ) | 26 | 1,200 | [72] |
WR 22 B | 26 | 8,300 | [73] |
船底座HR A | 25 | 14,200 | [74] |
NGC 7538 S | 25 | 9,100 | [75] |
VFTS 102 | 25 | 164,000 | [76] |
WOH G64 | 25 | 160,000 | [77] |
半人马座V810 B | 25 | 10,800 | [78] |
黑洞
黑洞是巨型恆星的最終演化物。理論上它們不是恆星,它們核心不再引起核聚變。另外,理论上存在的微黑洞与恒星演化无关。
愛丁頓光度極限
天文學家經過長期推論的結果顯示,一顆原恆星成長到120倍太陽質量以上時必然會猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超過這個極限,如果目前宇宙存在任何質量超過120倍太陽質量的恆星,它們將對現時的恆星演化理論產生疑慮。
質量極限出現的原因是因為擁有更巨大質量的恆星在消耗燃料的速率更快,比其他中小質量的恆星更加巨大。如果一顆巨型恆星在恆星核心引起核聚變所發岀的壓力發光能量超出它本身內部拉扯重力,就稱為愛丁頓極限。在超過這個極限時,恆星將會開始推擠自己,或流失足夠的質量使內部降低到至恆星可以承受的速率。在理論上,由於恆星風會讓許多物質流出,一顆更巨大的恆星不能一直維持如此巨大的質量。[82]
天文學家在研究銀河系已知恆星最密集的星群:圓拱星團後,證實在那裏不存在質量達到150倍太陽質量的恆星,但经过对大麦哲伦云星系的R136超星团研究后,却发现了多颗超过这一极限的恒星,这些超大的恒星很有可能是合并的产物。[83]
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