希土战争 (1919年-1922年)
1919年至1922年的希土战争(或称第二次希土战争),指的是在1919年到1922年期间爆发在希腊王国和土耳其國民運動间的战争。战争的起因是希腊对小亚细亚地区的领土要求。在这次战争中,协约国一方支持希腊。最后战争双方达成洛桑条约,列强承认新生的土耳其共和国的主权独立及土耳其在东色雷斯和小亚细亚的主权。
1919年至1922年的希土戰争 (戰間期) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土耳其獨立戰爭的一部分 | |||||||||
戰爭期間,希臘步兵在蓋迪茲河衝鋒 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
蘇聯[4] 意大利王國[5] |
希腊王国 提供支援: 英國 亞美尼亞義勇兵 | ||||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
穆斯塔法·凱末爾帕夏 卡洛·斯福爾扎[6][7] |
康斯坦丁一世 亞歷山大一世 (1920年以前) 康斯坦丁·尼德 康斯坦丁·米利奧蒂斯·科尼諾斯 萊昂尼達斯·帕拉斯克沃波洛斯 (1920年以前) 埃萊夫塞里奧斯·韋尼澤洛斯 (1920年以前) 迪米特里奧斯·古納里斯 阿納斯塔西奧斯·帕波拉斯 喬治奧斯·哈茨內斯蒂斯 康斯坦丁·帕利斯 喬治奧斯·波利梅那科斯 安德烈阿斯王子 | ||||||||
兵力 | |||||||||
1919年5月: 35,000人[8][lower-alpha 1] |
小亞細亞軍團 | ||||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
正規軍: 9,167人戰死[20] 2,474人因傷而死或非戰鬥減員[20] 31,097人負傷[20] 11,150人失蹤 6,522人被俘[21]** |
19,362人戰死[22] 4,878名非戰鬥減員 48,880人負傷 18,095人失蹤 ~13,740人被俘*[23] | ||||||||
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參見
- 1919年至1922年的希土戰爭期間的大屠殺列表
- 土耳其獨立戰爭年表
- 佔領士麥那
- 希臘土耳其人口互換
- 小亞細亞希臘人救濟委員會
- 小亞細亞防禦組織
註腳
- 1919年至1920年間,土耳其僅依靠土耳其革命者等非正規部隊進行作戰。到了1920年底,土耳其正式建立他們的正規軍。第一次伊諾努戰役是土耳其正規軍第一次與希軍作戰。
- 同樣一個師的規模,希臘的師至少比土耳其的師多四分之一以上。在1922年的時候,土軍每個師平均約七千至八千人,而希軍每個師則均超過一萬人。
參考
- According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
- A. Strahan claimed that: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan, Contemporary Review, 1922.
- N. B. Criss, Istanbul Under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923, 1999, p. 143. "In 1922, after the decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks, 40,000 troops moved towards Gallipoli."
- Jelavich, Barbara. . Cambridge University Press. 1983: 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez 页面存档备份,存于: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press."
- Mütareke Döneminde Mustafa Kemal Paşa-Kont Sforza Görüşmesi, Mevlüt Çelebi 页面存档备份,存于 (土耳其文)
- Mustafa Kemal Paşa – Kont Sforza ve İtalya İlişkisi (土耳其文)
- Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pg 319-334 (土耳其文)
- Turkish General Staff, Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225
- Görgülü, İsmet, , Genelkurmay basımevi: 1, 4, 10, 360, 1992 (土耳其语).
- Erikan, Celâl. . Gerçek Yayınevi. 1917.
- Tuğlacı, Pars, , Cem Yayınevi: 169, 1987 (土耳其语).
- Eleftheria, Daleziou. . University of Glasgow: 108. 2002 [11 July 2014].
- [The Western Front in the Turkish War of Independence] 2 II, Ankara: 土耳其參謀本部: 225, 1999 (土耳其语).
- . East & West. 1934.
- Sandler, Stanley. . ABC-CLIO. 2002. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5.
- , Athens: Directorate of Army History: 140, 1967,
on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)
. - Eleftheria, Daleziou. . University of Glasgow: 243. 2002 [11 July 2014].
- Giritli, İsmet, (7) III, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi [Atatürk Research Center], November 1986, (原始内容存档于2013-04-05)
- Sabahattin Selek: Millî mücadele - Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle - Edition I), Burçak yayınevi, 1963, page 109 (土耳其文)
- Taşkıran, Cemalettin. . 2005: 26. ISBN 978-975-8163-67-0.
- [Abridged History of the Campaign of Minor Asia], Athens: Directorate of Army History, Table 2, 1967 (希腊语).
- Στρατιωτική Ιστορία journal, Issue 203, December 2013, page 67
- Ahmet Özdemir, Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332
傳記
- Akçam, Taner. . New York: Metropolitan Books. 2006.
- Kinross, Lord. . Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1960. ISBN 978-0-297-82036-9.
- Dobkin, Marjorie. . New Mark Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-9667451-0-8.
- Clark, Bruce. . Harvard University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-674-03222-4.
- Fisher, Sydney Nettleton, , New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1969
- Fromkin, David (1990). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Avon Books
- Friedman, Isaiah, , Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4128-4710-0.
- Kitsikis, Dimitri, [Propaganda and pressions in international politics. Greece and its reivindications at the Peace conference, 1919–20], Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963 (法语).
- Kitsikis, Dimitri, [The role of experts at the Peace conference of 1919], Ottawa: Editions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1972 (法语) (Commission interalliée d'enquête sur l'occupation grecque de Smyrne).
- Lowe, Cedric James; Dockrill, Michael L, , Two: British Foreign Policy 1914–22, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-26597-3.
- Milton, Giles. paperback. London: Sceptre; Hodder & Stoughton. 2008 [2010-07-28]. ISBN 978-0-340-96234-3.
- Naimark, Norman M, , Harvard University Press, 2002.
- Papatheu, Katerina. [Greeks & Turks. Appointments on literature, music & history]. Roma-Catania: Bonanno. 2007 (意大利语).
- Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural. . Cambridge University Press. 1977.
- Smith, Michael Llewellyn, , Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999 [London: Allen Lane, 1973], ISBN 978-0-472-08569-9.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1922.
- Richard G. Hovannisian. . Transaction Pub. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4128-0619-0.
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