手搖琴

**手搖琴**
樂器別名	手搖琴
分類	弦樂器
音域
相關樂器
	尼古赫帕;

手搖琴，又稱絞弦琴，是一種見於歐洲各地的古老弦樂器，通過樂手轉動樂器上的手柄，聯動腹腔内樹脂包裹的轮子来摩擦琴弦，從而震動發聲。手搖琴有多個伴音絃，因此可以產生一種類似風笛的持續音，而實際上在奧克西塔尼亞、加泰隆尼亞、卡津、坎塔布里亚和匈牙利的民間音樂中它就常常和風笛交替使用。

歷史

彈奏「Organistrum」的人，聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉

手搖琴的前身可能是歐洲或者中東地區的提琴，出現時間大概是公元11世紀左右[1][2]。它最早被稱為「Organistrum」，有一根旋律弦和兩根伴音絃。但因爲體積較大，需要兩個樂手合作才能演奏[3]。它以五度相生律定弦，是當時教堂裏使用的宗教樂器。據稱10世紀基督教聖人克吕尼的俄多曾寫過一篇文章描述「Organistrum」的製作方法，但這种説法並不太可信[4][5]。此外另有一篇10世紀的阿拉伯文獻也記載了類似「Organistrum」的樂器[1]。而聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉的一座教堂裏存在最早的「Organistrum」雕塑，而其雕刻年代應該是12世紀。[6]^:47[7]^:3

参考文献

Baines, Anthony. . The Galpin Society Journal. May 1976, 29: 140–141 [140]. JSTOR 841885. doi:10.2307/841885.
Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990
Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," The Galpin Society Journal 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," The Galpin Society Journal 36:71–87
Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303.
Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." Modern Language Notes 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.
Palmer, Susann. . London: David & Charles. 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7888-0.
Muskett, Doreen. . England: Muskett Music. 1998. ISBN 0-946993-07-6.

外部連接

巴洛克手搖琴页面存档备份，存于
hurdy-gurdy wiki 页面存档备份，存于
Caroline Phillips: Hurdy-gurdy for beginners 页面存档备份，存于，TED talks
Discover the Hurdy-gurdy in video 页面存档备份，存于，教程
荷蘭手搖琴页面存档备份，存于

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[Baines-1] Baines, Anthony. . The Galpin Society Journal. May 1976, 29: 140–141 [140]. JSTOR 841885. doi:10.2307/841885.

[2] Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990

[3] Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," The Galpin Society Journal 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," The Galpin Society Journal 36:71–87

[4] Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303.

[5] Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." Modern Language Notes 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19–21.

[Palmer-6] Palmer, Susann. . London: David & Charles. 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7888-0.

[Muskett-7] Muskett, Doreen. . England: Muskett Music. 1998. ISBN 0-946993-07-6.