普遍文法

普遍文法（英語：，縮寫為 ），又譯為普遍語法，一種語言學理論，最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力，是被內建在大腦中的。它被用來解釋語言習得的一般過程，說明兒童在發展語言時，使用同一個法則，來學習不同的語言。

這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家，是喬姆斯基、薩丕爾、與理查德·蒙塔古。

喬姆斯基的理論

20世纪80年代初，乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论，也称为原则与参数理论。

喬姆斯基認為，人類的大腦，只使用幾組固定而且有限的規則，來組織語言。因此，他假設所有的語言，在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則，被稱為普遍文法（universal grammar）。

他们认为，普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系，存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系，普遍语法包括一套普遍原则，利用这些原则，可以不断合成短语，同时也可限制移动α原则过于强大；普遍语法还含有一系列参数，这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。

參考文獻
    • Ambridge, Ben; Lieven, Elena V. M. . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76804-7.
    • Baker, Mark C. The Atoms of Language: The Mind's Hidden Rules of Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-860632-X.
    • Beattie, James. "Of Universal Grammar". Section II, The Theory of Language (1788). Rpt in Dissertations Moral and Critical (1783, 1986.)
    • Blair, Hugh. Lecture 6, 7, and 8, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, (1783). Rpt New York: Garland, 1970.
    • Burnett, James. Of the Origin and Progress of Language. Edinburgh, 1774–1792.
    • Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, 1965. ISBN 0-262-53007-4.
    • Elman, J., Bates, E. et al. Rethinking innateness. MIT Press, 1996.
    • Harris, James. Hermes or A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Universal Grammar. (1751, 1771.)
    • Kliesch, C. (2012). Making sense of syntax – Innate or acquired? Contrasting universal grammar with other approaches to language acquisition. Journal of European Psychology Students, 3, 88–94,
    • "Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
    • Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar". In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
    • Sampson, G. The "Language Instinct" Debate. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-7384-9.
    • Smith, Adam. "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages". In Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 203–226.
    • Smith, Adam. "Of the Origin and Progress of Language". Lecture 3, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed. J. C. Bryce. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1983, 9–13.
    • Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01030-2.
    • Window on Humanity. A Concise Introduction to Anthropology. Conrad Phillip Kottak. Ed. Kevin Witt, Jill Gordon. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2005.
    • White, Lydia. "Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar". Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-79647-4
    • Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.
    • Chomsky, Noam. . 2005.
    • Jackendoff, Ray. . Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. 2002.
    • Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.
    • Chomsky, Noam: Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht, 1981.
    • Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.
    • Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008): Language as shaped by the brain. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
    • Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009): The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
    • Tomasello, M. (1995): Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
    • Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
    • Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.

    外部連結

    参见
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.