杨氏直译本

杨氏直译本Young's Literal Translation,缩写 YLT)是圣经的一种英文译本,出版于1862年,翻译者是罗伯特·杨,是“杨格氏汇编”(Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible)和新约简明注解(Concise Critical Comments on the New Testament)的编者。1887年杨氏又完成了一个修订版。1888年10月14日他去世后,出版商又在1898年发行了新修订版。

杨氏直译本,Young's Literal Translation
全名Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible
缩写YLT
全书出版时间1862年
翻译类型严格直译
版权公共领域
创世记第1章第1-3节
In the beginning of Elohim's preparing the heavens and the earth — the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness [is] on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters, and God saith, `Let light be;' and light is.
约翰福音》第3章第16节
For God did so love the world, that His Son — the only begotten — He gave, that every one who is believing in him may not perish, but may have life age-during.

顾名思义,杨氏直译本是严格按照希伯来语希腊语的原文直译。他在在第二版的序言中写道:

如果译文将原文的过去时译成现在时,或者将现在时译成过去时;将完成时译成将来时,或将将来时译成完成时;将“the”译成“a”,或将“a”译成“the”;将虚拟语气译成祈使语气,或将祈使语气译成虚拟语气;将名词译成动词,或将动词译成名词,很清楚,字句的默示被大大忽略,好像不存在一样。神的话语被人为的传统取消了(原文加着重号)[1]

因此,杨氏直译本在其他译本使用过去时的地方使用了现在时。例如,杨氏直译本的创世纪开头部分如下:

1   In the beginning of Elohim's preparing the heavens and the earth —
2   the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness [is] on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters,
3   and God saith, 'Let light be;' and light is.[2]

比起较流行的英文译本,杨氏直译本更接近于希伯来语原文。例如,新修订标准本(NRSV),同一段落译为:

1   In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
2   The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters.
3   And God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light.[3]

杨氏直译本比新修订标准本更准确地反映了希伯来原文的意义。Bereshith bara elokim,新修订标准本译为“In the beginning God created...”,是结构态(bereshith),而不是完成态(barishona),意味着动作在过程中,尚未完成。同样,与希伯来原文不符,在新修订标准本中,将这几节分为三句(古代希伯来文没有标点符号,分句必须靠推断),由于词汇wa ha-aretz hayetha的顺序(主语-动词)译为“the earth being”(杨氏直译本译为“the earth hath existed”),而新修订标准本译为“and the earth was”要求词序为wa tehi ha-aretz(动词-主语)。[4] 杨氏直译本较多使用现在时而不是过去时,得到了一些学者的支持,例如中世纪犹太拉比Rashi,以及理查德·艾略特·弗里德曼在他关于摩西五经翻译的书The Bible with Sources Revealed(2002年)。[5]

参考文献

  1. 圣经杨氏直译本第二版序言
  2. 创世纪,杨氏直译本
  3. 创世纪,新修订标准本
  4. H. M. Orlinsky, Genesis 1, from Notes on the New JPS Translation of the Torah (1969), Jewish Publication Society
  5. Richard Elliott Friedman, "The Bible with Sources revealed", Harpers, 2002.

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