极北蝰

极北蝰学名:)为蝰属的一種毒蛇,俗名龙纹蝰。分布于中亚和北亚森林草原地区、欧洲北部和中部山区以及中国大陆新疆吉林等地,多生活于温带、寒带的林区和草原草甸区、阔叶林、针叶林、混交林及沼泽地以及以树根洞穴中或石块下为其隐蔽场所。其生存的海拔上限为2700米。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。

极北蝰
保护状况
科学分类
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行纲 Reptilia
目: 有鳞目 Squamata
科: 蝰科 Viperidae
属: 蝰属 Vipera
种: 极北蝰 V. berus
二名法
Vipera berus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
異名
列表
  • [Coluber] berus Linnaeus, 1758
  • [Coluber] Chersea Linnaeus, 1758
  • Coluber prester Linnaeus, 1761
  • Coluber vipera Anglorum Laurenti, 1768
  • Coluber Melanis Pallas, 1771
  • Coluber Scytha Pallas, 1773
  • C[oluber]. Scytha Bonnaterre, 1790
  • Vipera melanis Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
  • Vipera berus Daudin, 1803
  • Vipera chersea Daudin, 1803
  • Vipera prester Daudin, 1803
  • [Coluber] Caeruleus Sheppard, 1804
  • Vipera communis Leach, 1817
  • Coluber chersea var. marasso Pollini, 1818
  • [Pelias] berus Merrem, 1820
  • [Vipera] marasso Sette, 1821
  • Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli, 1826
  • Vipera trilamina Millet, 1828
  • [Pelias] Chersea Wagler, 1830
  • Vipera torva Lenz, 1832
  • Pelias dorsalis Gray, 1842
  • V[ipera]. Prester var. gagatina Freyer, 1842
  • Echidnoides trilamina Mauduyt, 1844
  • Vipera Pelias Soubeiran, 1855
  • Pelias berus var. Prester Günther, 1858
  • Pelias berus var. Chersea Günther, 1858
  • P[elias berus]. Var. dorsalis Cope, 1860
  • P[elias berus]. Var. niger Cope, 1860
  • V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus Jan, 1863
  • V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. prester
    Jan, 1863
  • V[ipera]. (Pelias) berus var. lymnaea
    Jan, 1863
  • Pelias Chersea Erber, 1863
  • Pelias berus Erber, 1863
  • Vipera berus var. prester
    Jan & Sordelli, 1874
  • Vipera berus [berus] Boettger, 1889
  • [Vipera berus] var. montana Méhelÿ, 1893
  • Vipera berus Boulenger, 1896
  • Pelias berus lugubris Kashehenko, 1902
  • Vipera berus pelias Chabanaud, 1923
  • [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma brunneomarcata A.F. Reuss, 1923
  • [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma luteoalba A.F. Reuss, 1923
  • [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma ochracea asymmetrica A.F. Reuss, 1923
  • [Vipera (Pelias) berus] rudolphi-marchica A.F. Reuss, 1924
  • [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma bilineata A.F. Reuss, 1924
  • Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
    chersea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925
  • Vipera (Pelias) berus forma
    ochracea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925
  • Vipera (Pelias) berus forma rutila
    A.F. Reuss, 1925
  • Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata
    A.F. Reuss, 1925
  • Coluber sachalinensis continentalis Nikolski, 1927
  • P[elias]. sudetica A.F. Reuss, 1927
    (nomen nudum)
  • V[ipera]. berus marchici A.F. Reuss, 1927
  • Vipera berus rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1927
    (nomen nudum)
  • Vipera berus berus
    Mertens & L. Müller, 1928
  • [Pelias] elberfeldi A.F. Reuss, 1929
  • Pelias rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1930
  • Pelias schöttleri A.F. Reuss, 1930
  • P[elias]. tyrolensis A.F. Reuss, 1930
  • Pelias schreiberi A.F. Reuss, 1930
  • Pelias flavescens A.F. Reuss, 1930
    (nomen nudum)
  • Pelias subalpina A.F. Reuss, 1930
    (nomen nudum)
  • Pelias neglecta A.F. Reuss, 1932
  • Vipera berus sphagnosa Krassawzef, 1932
  • Pelias occidentalis A.F. Reuss, 1933
  • Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis
    A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
  • Pelias occidentalis orbensis
    A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
  • Pelias sudetica forma steinii
    A.F. Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum)
  • Vipera marchici A.F. Reuss, 1935
  • Pelias sudetica steinii forma emarcata A.F. Reuss, 1937 (nomen illegitimum)
  • Vipera (Vipera) berus berus Obst, 1983
  • Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata
    Golay et al., 1993
  • Vipera berus forma
    ochracea-asymmetrica Golay et al., 1993
  • Vipera berus forma luteoalba
    Golay et al., 1993
  • Pelias schoettleri Golay et al., 1993
  • Coluber coeruleus Golay et al., 1993
  • Vipera berus Golay et al., 1993[2]

分類

它有三個亞種:[3]

亞種 命名人 分佈
V. b. berus (Linnaeus, 1758) 歐洲和北亞
V. b. bosniensis Boettger, 1889 巴爾幹半島
V. b. sachalinensis Zarevskij, 1917 俄羅斯遠東

特征

體長一般為55 cm(22英寸)[4],不同地區的個體大小也不同。最大的個體發現於斯堪的納維亞,長90 cm(35英寸)。其體重在50~180克(1.8~6.3盎司)之間[5]

毒性

毒牙

它是歐洲常見的毒蛇,每年都有人畜被咬案例。光瑞典每年就有約1,300人被咬,其中約12%需要就醫。現有至少八種可用於治療其咬傷的抗蛇毒素[6]

相比其他蝰蛇來說,极北蝰的毒性並不強。其小鼠半數致死劑量為0.55 mg/kg(靜脈注射)、0.80 mg/kg(腹膜内注射)和6.45 mg/kg(皮下注射)。對人類來說,其咬傷一般並非特別致命。就英國而言,自1876年以來全英只有14人死於极北蝰蛇毒。[4]

保護

雌性

包括挪威、丹麥和英國在內的部分歐洲国家禁止捕殺、傷害或交易极北蝰,瑞士也把它列為瀕危物種[7]。但它本身為IUCN無危物種[1]

参考文献

  1. J.C. Isailovic; M. Vogrin; C. Corti; P. Sá-Sousa; M. Cheylan; J.M. Pleguezuelos; L. Tomović; B. Sterijovski; U. Joger; A. Westerström; B. Borczyk; B. Schmidt; A. Meyer; R. Sindaco; D. Jelić. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009, 2009: e.T157248A5059709 [13 January 2020].
  2. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [15 August 2006] (英语).
  4. Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  5. Olsson, M.; Madsen, T.; Shine, R. . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1997, 264 (1380): 455–459. JSTOR 50437. PMC 1688262. doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0065. (includes chart showing range of male mass in one population)
  6. Vipera berus antivenoms at Munich Antivenom Index. Accessed 15 September 2006.
  7. Monney JC, Meyer A. (2005). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Reptilien der Schweiz. Hrsg. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL, Bern und Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz der Schweiz, Bern. BUWAL-Reihe.
维基物种中的分类信息:极北蝰
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