熱點 (地質學)
熱點（英语：Hotspot）在地質學上是指地球表面長期歷經活躍的火山活動的地區。約翰·圖佐·威爾遜在1963年時有了一種想法，認為像夏威夷群島這樣的火山鏈是板塊緩慢地移動時經過地表下一個“固定的”熱點而形成的。熱點被認為是一股較熱的、狹窄的地函從地函與地核之間的邊界開始向上進行對流而形成的，這稱為“地函熱柱”（mantle plume）。最新的地質學上的證據則把熱點的成因指向了海洋地殼隱沒至核幔邊界(Gutenberg discontinuity)，海洋地殼因其密度較小而上升，且過程中減壓融熔。地質學家也確認出了全球40到50個熱點，最活躍的熱點包括夏威夷、留尼旺、黃石、加拉巴哥群島、冰島等地。
顯著的熱點路徑
Bowie Seamount是一座休眠海底火山，属于Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain.
Hualalai是夏威夷-天皇海山链一座庞大盾形火山，上次喷发在1801年
- 夏威夷-天皇海山链（夏威夷熱點）
- 路易維爾海山鏈（路易維爾熱點）
- 鯨灣中脊（戈夫及特里斯坦熱點）
- 科的阿克-鮑伊海山鏈（鮑伊熱點）
- 柯布-埃克尔伯格海山链（柯布熱點）
- 新英格蘭海山鏈（新英格蘭熱點）
- 阿納海姆火山帶（阿納海姆熱點）
- 馬更些岩牆群（馬更些熱點）
- Great Meteor hotspot track（新英格蘭熱點）
- 聖海倫娜海山鏈-喀麥隆火山線（聖海倫娜熱點）
- 留尼汪-查戈斯-馬爾代夫-拉克沙島鏈（留尼汪熱點）[2]
- 可能的熱點路徑
熱點列表
縮寫：
- w:weight is a subjective uncertainty between simulation and determined azimuth;
- az:方位角（板塊方向）
- Weight,解釋：
- 方位角差小於8°: w= 1.0
- 方位角差小於10°: w= 0.8
- 方位角差小於12°: w= 0.5
- 方位角差小於15°: w= 0.3
- 方位角差大於15°: w= 0.2
歐亞板塊
- Eifel hotspot (8)
- 50°12′N 6°42′E, w= 1 az= 082° ±8° rate= 12 ±2 mm/yr [6]
- Iceland hotspot (14)
- 64°24′N 17°18′W [6]
- Eurasian Plate, w= .8 az= 075° ±10° rate= 5 ±3 mm/yr
- North American Plate, w= .8 az= 287° ±10° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr
- Possibly related to the North Atlantic continental rifting (62 Ma), Greenland.[7]
- 64°24′N 17°18′W [6]
- Azores hotspot (1)
- 37°54′N 26°00′W [6]
- Eurasian Plate, w= .5 az= 110° ±12°
- North American Plate, w= .3 az= 280° ±15°
- 37°54′N 26°00′W [6]
- Jan Mayen hotspot (15)
- 海南 hotspot (46)
- 20°N 110°E, az= 000° ±15° [6]
非洲板塊
- Mount Etna (47)
- Hoggar hotspot (13)
- 23°18′N 5°36′E, w= .3 az= 046° ±12° [6]
- Tibesti hotspot (40)
- 20°48′N 17°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° [6]
- Jebel Marra/Darfur hotspot (6)
- 13°00′N 24°12′E, w= .5 az= 045° ±8° [6]
- Afar hotspot (29, misplaced in map)
- 7°00′N 39°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±15° rate= 16 ±8 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Afar Triple Junction, 30 Ma.
- Cameroon hotspot (17)
- 2°00′N 5°06′E, w= .3 az= 032° ±3° rate= 15 ±5 mm/yr [6]
- Madeira hotspot (48)
- 32°36′N 17°18′W, w= .3 az= 055° ±15° rate= 8 ±3 mm/yr [6]
- Canary hotspot (18)
- 28°12′N 18°00′W, w= 1 az= 094° ±8° rate= 20 ±4 mm/yr [6]
- New England/Great Meteor hotspot (28)
- 29°24′N 29°12′W, w= .8 az= 040° ±10° [6]
- Cape Verde hotspot (19)
- 16°00′N 24°00′W, w= .2 az= 060° ±30° [6]
- St. Helena hotspot (34)
- 16°30′S 9°30′W, w= 1 az= 078° ±5° rate= 20 ±3 mm/yr [6]
- Gough hotspot (49), at 40°19' S 9°56' W.[8][9]
- 40°18′S 10°00′E, w= .8 az= 079° ±5° rate= 18 ±3 mm/yr [6]
- Tristan hotspot (42), at 37°07′ S 12°17′ W.
- Vema hotspot (Vema Seamount, 43), at 31°38' S 8°20' E.
- 32°06′S 6°18′W [6]
- Related maybe to the Paraná and Etendeka traps (c. 132 Ma) through the Walvis Ridge.
- Discovery hotspot (50) (Discovery Seamounts)
- 43°00′S 2°42′W, w= 1 az= 068° ±3° [6]
- Bouvet hotspot (51)
- Shona/Meteor hotspot (27)
- 51°24′S 1°00′W, w= .3 az= 074° ±6° [6]
- Réunion hotspot (33)
- 21°12′S 55°42′E, w= .8 az= 047° ±10° rate= 40 ±10 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Deccan Traps (main events: 68.5–66 Ma)
- Comoros hotspot (21)
- 11°30′S 43°18′E, w= .5 az=118 ±10° rate=35 ±10 mm/yr [6]
南極板塊
- Marion hotspot (25)
- 46°54′S 37°36′E, w= .5 az= 080° ±12° [6]
- Crozet hotspot (52)
- 46°06′S 50°12′E, w= .8 az= 109° ±10° rate= 25 ±13 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Karoo-Ferrar geologic province (183 Ma)
- Kerguelen hotspot (20)
- 49°36′S 69°00′E, w= .2 az= 050° ±30° rate= 3 ±1 mm/yr [6]
- Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam could be part of the Kerguelen hotspot trail (St. Paul is probably not another hotspot)
- Related maybe to the Kerguelen Plateau (130 Ma)
- Heard hotspot (53)
- 53°06′S 73°30′E, w= .2 az= 030° ±20° [6]
- Balleny hotspot (2)
- 67°36′S 164°48′E, w= .2 az= 325° ±7° [6]
- Erebus hotspot (54)
南美板塊
- Trindade/Martin Vaz hotspot (41)
- 20°30′S 28°48′W, w= 1 az= 264° ±5° [6]
- Fernando hotspot (9)
- 3°48′S 32°24′W, w= 1 az= 266° ±7° [6]
- Possibly related to the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (c. 200 Ma)
- Ascension hotspot (55)
北美板塊
- Bermuda hotspot (56)
- 32°36′N 64°18′W, w= .3 az= 260° ±15° [6]
- Yellowstone hotspot (44)
- 44°30′N 110°24′W, w= .8 az= 235° ±5° rate= 26 ±5 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Columbia River Basalt Group (17–14 Ma).[10]
- Raton hotspot (32)
- 36°48′N 104°06′W, w= 1 az= 240°±4° rate= 30 ±20 mm/yr [6]
- Anahim hotspot (45)
- 52°54′0″N 123°44′0″W (Nazko Cone)[11]
印澳板塊
- Lord Howe hotspot (22)
- 34°42′S 159°48′E, w= .8 az= 351° ±10° [6]
- Tasmantid hotspot (39)
- 40°24′S 155°30′E, w= .8 az= 007° ±5° rate= 63 ±5 mm/yr [6]
- East Australia hotspot (30)
- 40°48′S 146°00′E, w= .3 az= 000° ±15° rate= 65 ±3 mm/yr [6]
納茲卡板塊
- Juan Fernández hotspot (16)
- 33°54′S 81°48′W, w= 1 az= 084° ±3° rate= 80 ±20 mm/yr [6]
- San Felix hotspot (36)
- 26°24′S 80°06′W, w= .3 az= 083° ±8° [6]
- Easter hotspot (7)
- 26°24′S 106°30′W, w= 1 az= 087° ±3° rate= 95 ±5 mm/yr [6]
- Galápagos hotspot (10)
- 0°24′S 91°36′W [6]
- Nazca Plate, w= 1 az= 096° ±5° rate= 55 ±8 mm/yr
- Cocos Plate, w= .5 az= 045° ±6°
- Possibly related to the Caribbean large igneous province (main events: 95–88 Ma).
- 0°24′S 91°36′W [6]
太平洋板塊
Over millions of years, the Pacific Plate has moved over the Bowie hotspot, creating the Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain in the Gulf of Alaska
- Louisville hotspot (23)
- 53°36′S 140°36′W, w= 1 az= 316° ±5° rate= 67 ±5 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Ontong Java Plateau (125–120 Ma).
- Foundation hotspot/Ngatemato seamounts (57)
- 37°42′S 111°06′W, w= 1 az= 292° ±3° rate= 80 ±6 mm/yr [6]
- Macdonald hotspot (24)
- 29°00′S 140°18′W, w= 1 az= 289° ±6° rate= 105 ±10 mm/yr [6]
- North Austral/President Thiers (President Thiers Bank, 58)
- 25°36′S 143°18′W, w= (1.0) azim= 293° ± 3° rate= 75 ±15 mm/yr [6]
- Arago hotspot (Arago Seamount, 59)
- 23°24′S 150°42′W, w= 1 azim= 296° ±4° rate= 120 ±20 mm/yr [6]
- Maria/Southern Cook hotspot (Îles Maria, 60)
- 20°12′S 153°48′W, w= 0.8 az= 300° ±4° [6]
- Samoa hotspot (35)
- 14°30′S 168°12′W, w= .8 az= 285°±5° rate= 95 ±20 mm/yr [6]
- Crough hotspot (Crough Seamount, 61)
- 26°54′S 114°36′W, w= .8 az= 284° ± 2° [6]
- Pitcairn hotspot (31)
- 25°24′S 129°18′W, w= 1 az= 293° ±3° rate= 90 ±15 mm/yr [6]
- Society/Tahiti hotspot (38)
- 18°12′S 148°24′W, w= .8 az= 295°±5° rate= 109 ±10 mm/yr [6]
- Marquesas hotspot (26)
- 10°30′S 139°00′W, w= .5 az= 319° ±8° rate= 93 ±7 mm/yr [6]
- Caroline hotspot (4)
- 4°48′N 164°24′E, w= 1 az= 289° ±4° rate= 135 ±20 mm/yr [6]
- Hawaii hotspot (12)
- 19°00′N 155°12′W, w= 1 az= 304° ±3° rate= 92 ±3 mm/yr [6]
- Possibly related to the Siberian Traps (251–250 Ma).[12]
- Socorro/Revillagigedos hotspot (37)
- Guadalupe hotspot (11)
- 27°42′N 114°30′W, w= .8 az= 292° ±5° rate= 80 ±10 mm/yr [6]
- Cobb hotspot (5)
- 46°00′N 130°06′W, w= 1 az= 321° ±5° rate= 43 ±3 mm/yr [6]
- Bowie/Pratt-Welker hotspot (3)
- 53°00′N 134°48′W, w=.8 az= 306° ±4° rate= 40 ±20 mm/yr [6]
參考資料
- . PMEL Earth-Ocean Interactions Program. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. [23 September 2014].
- E. V. Verzhbitsky. . Journal of Geodynamics 35/3 (2003).
- W. Jason Morgan and Jason Phipps Morgan. (PDF). : 111 [2010-04-23].
- W. J. Morgan. . Nature 230 (1971).
- Segev, A. (PDF). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series. 2002, 2: 171–191 [5 August 2010].
- W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. (PDF). [2011-11-06].
- Nielsen, Søren B.; Stephenson, Randell; Thomsen, Erik. . Nature. 13 December 2007, 450 (7172): 1071–1074. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1071N. PMID 18075591. doi:10.1038/nature06379.
- O'Neill, C.; Müller, R. D.; Steinberger, B. (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2003, 215: 151–168. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.215..151O. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00368-6. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 July 2011）.
- O'Connor, J. M.; le Roex, A. P. . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1992, 113 (3): 343–364. Bibcode:1992E&PSL.113..343O. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90138-L.
- Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard. (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 20 November 2009, 188 (1–3): 26–56. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
- . Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. [2008-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-16）.
- B Steinberger, C Gaina, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea, Geology 35 (5), 407–410.
延伸閱讀
- . Wiley-Blackwell. October 2010.
- Boschi, L.; Becker, T.W.; Steinberger, B. (PDF). Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 2007, 8 (Q10006): Q10006 [2018-05-05]. Bibcode:2007GGG.....810006B. ISSN 1525-2027. doi:10.1029/2007GC001733. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-17）.
- Clouard, Valérie; Gerbault, Muriel. . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007, 265: 195. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..195C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.013.
- . ScienceDaily. 4 February 2008.
外部連結
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