等价关系

等價關係(equivalence relation)即设是某個集合上的一个二元关系。若满足以下條件:

  1. 自反性:
  2. 对称性:
  3. 传递性:

则称是一個定义在上的等价关系。習慣上會把等價關係的符號由改寫為

例如,设,定义上的关系如下:

其中叫做模3 同餘,即除以3的餘数与除以3的餘数相等。例子有1R4, 2R5, 3R6。不难验证上的等价关系。

并非所有的二元關係都是等價關係。一個簡單的反例是比較兩個數中哪個較大

  • 沒有自反性:任何一個數不能比自身為較大(
  • 沒有對稱性:如果,就肯定不能有

不是等价关系的关系的例子

  • 实数之间的"≥"关系满足自反性和传递性,但不满足对称性。例如,7 ≥ 5 无法推出 5 ≥ 7。它是一种全序关系

参见

參考文獻

  • Brown, Ronald, 2006. Topology and Groupoids. Booksurge LLC. ISBN 1-4196-2722-8.
  • Castellani, E., 2003, "Symmetry and equivalence" in Brading, Katherine, and E. Castellani, eds., Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. Cambridge Univ. Press: 422-433.
  • Robert Dilworth and Crawley, Peter, 1973. Algebraic Theory of Lattices. Prentice Hall. Chpt. 12 discusses how equivalence relations arise in lattice theory.
  • Higgins, P.J., 1971. Categories and groupoids. Van Nostrand. Downloadable since 2005 as a TAC Reprint.
  • John Randolph Lucas, 1973. A Treatise on Time and Space. London: Methuen. Section 31.
  • Rosen, Joseph (2008) Symmetry Rules: How Science and Nature are Founded on Symmetry. Springer-Verlag. Mostly chpts. 9,10.
  • Raymond Wilder (1965) Introduction to the Foundations of Mathematics 2nd edition, Chapter 2-8: Axioms defining equivalence, pp 48–50, John Wiley & Sons.

外部連結

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