芽孢桿菌屬
芽孢桿菌屬(Bacillus)屬於革蘭氏陽性菌,包括模式生物枯草芽孢桿菌和著名的致病菌炭疽桿菌等。此屬細菌中有專性需氧菌或兼性厭氧菌,他們遍佈於各種環境,有些獨立存在亦有些會寄生於其他生物。在不適合生存的情況下,此屬細菌可以轉化為內生孢子以進入休眠狀態,此休眠狀態可以持續很久。
芽孢桿菌屬 | |
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枯草芽孢桿菌 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 原核生物界 Bacteria |
门: | 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes |
纲: | 芽孢杆菌纲 Bacilli |
目: | 核衣细菌目 Caryophanales |
科: | 芽孢桿菌科 Bacillaceae |
属: | 芽孢桿菌屬 Bacillus Cohn, 1872 |
模式种 | |
Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg, 1835) Cohn, 1872 | |
種 | |
等 |
發展史
Bacillus phylogenetics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Phylogeny of the genus Bacillus according to [1] |
下属物种
- Bacillus abyssalis You et al. 2013
- Bacillus acanthi Ma et al. 2018
- Bacillus acidiceler Peak et al. 2007
- Bacillus acidicola Albert et al. 2005
- Bacillus acidinfaciens Sun et al. 2019
- Bacillus acidiproducens Jung et al. 2009
- Bacillus aciditolerans Ding et al. 2019
- Bacillus acidocaldarius Darland and Brock 1971
- Bacillus acidoterrestris Deinhard et al. 1988
- Bacillus aeolius Gugliandolo et al. 2003
- Bacillus aerius Shivaji et al. 2006
- Bacillus aerophilus Shivaji et al. 2006
- Bacillus agaradhaerens Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus agri (ex Laubach and Rice 1916) Nakamura 1993
- Bacillus aidingensis Xue et al. 2008
- Bacillus akibai Nogi et al. 2005
- Bacillus albus Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus alcalophilus Vedder 1934
- Bacillus algicola Ivanova et al. 2004
- Bacillus alginolyticus Nakamura 1987
- Bacillus alkalidiazotrophicus Sorokin et al. 2008
- Bacillus alkalilacus Singh et al. 2018
- Bacillus alkalinitrilicus Sorokin et al. 2009
- Bacillus alkalisediminis Borsodi et al. 2011
- Bacillus alkalitelluris Lee et al. 2008
- Bacillus alkalitolerans Liu et al. 2018
- Bacillus altitudinis Shivaji et al. 2006
- Bacillus alveayuensis Bae et al. 2005
- Bacillus alvei Cheshire and Cheyne 1885
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (ex Fukumoto 1943) Priest et al. 1987
- Bacillus amylolyticus (ex Choukévitch 1911) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus andreesenii Kosowski et al. 2014
- Bacillus aneurinilyticus corrig. (ex Kimura and Aoyama 1952) Shida et al. 1994
- Bacillus aneurinolyticus (ex Kimura and Aoyama 1952) Shida et al. 1994
- 炭疽桿菌 Bacillus anthracis Cohn 1872
- Bacillus antri Rao et al. 2019
- Bacillus aquiflavi Xie et al. 2020
- Bacillus aquimaris Yoon et al. 2003
- Bacillus arenosi Heyrman et al. 2005
- Bacillus arseniciselenatis corrig. Switzer Blum et al. 2001
- Bacillus arsenicoselenatis Switzer Blum et al. 2001
- Bacillus arsenicus Shivaji et al. 2005
- Bacillus arvi Heyrman et al. 2005
- Bacillus aryabhattai Shivaji et al. 2009
- Bacillus asahii Yumoto et al. 2004
- Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura 1989
- Bacillus aurantiacus Borsodi et al. 2008
- Bacillus australimaris Liu et al. 2016
- Bacillus axarquiensis Ruiz-García et al. 2005
- Bacillus azotofixans Seldin et al. 1984
- Bacillus azotoformans (ex Pichinoty et al. 1976) Pichinoty et al. 1983
- Bacillus badius Batchelor 1919
- Bacillus barbaricus Täubel et al. 2003
- Bacillus bataviensis Heyrman et al. 2004
- Bacillus beijingensis Qiu et al. 2009
- Bacillus benzoevorans Pichinoty et al. 1987
- Bacillus beringensis Yu et al. 2012
- Bacillus berkeleyi Nedashkovskaya et al. 2012
- Bacillus beveridgei Baesman et al. 2010
- Bacillus bogoriensis Vargas et al. 2005
- Bacillus boroniphilus Ahmed et al. 2007
- Bacillus borstelensis (ex Porter 1940) Shida et al. 1995
- Bacillus brevis Migula 1900
- Bacillus butanolivorans Kuisiene et al. 2008
- Bacillus cabrialesii de Los Santos Villalobos et al. 2019
- Bacillus caeni Mo et al. 2020
- Bacillus camelliae Niu et al. 2018
- Bacillus campisalis Kumar et al. 2015
- Bacillus canaveralius Newcombe et al. 2009
- Bacillus capparidis Wang et al. 2017
- Bacillus carboniphilus Fujita et al. 1996
- Bacillus caseinilyticus Vishnuvardhan Reddy et al. 2015
- Bacillus catenulatus Sultanpuram et al. 2018
- Bacillus cavernae Feng et al. 2016
- Bacillus cecembensis Reddy et al. 2008
- Bacillus cellulosilyticus Nogi et al. 2005
- Bacillus centrosporus (ex Ford 1916) Nakamura 1993
- 蠟樣芽孢桿菌 Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland 1887
- Bacillus chagannorensis Carrasco et al. 2007
- Bacillus chitinolyticus Kuroshima et al. 1996
- Bacillus chondroitinus Nakamura 1987
- Bacillus choshinensis Takagi et al. 1993
- Bacillus chungangensis Cho et al. 2010
- Bacillus cibi Yoon et al. 2005
- Bacillus ciccensis Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus circulans Jordan 1890
- Bacillus clarkii Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus clausii Nielsen et al. 1995
- 芽孢乳酸菌 Bacillus coagulans Hammer 1915
- Bacillus coahuilensis Cerritos et al. 2008
- Bacillus cohnii Spanka and Fritze 1993
- Bacillus composti Yang et al. 2013
- Bacillus crassostreae Chen et al. 2015
- Bacillus crescens Shivani et al. 2015
- Bacillus cucumis Kämpfer et al. 2016
- Bacillus curdlanolyticus Kanzawa et al. 1995
- Bacillus cycloheptanicus Deinhard et al. 1988
- Bacillus cytotoxicus Guinebretière et al. 2013
- Bacillus daliensis Zhai et al. 2012
- Bacillus decisifrondis Zhang et al. 2007
- Bacillus decolorationis Heyrman et al. 2003
- Bacillus depressus Wei et al. 2016
- Bacillus deserti Zhang et al. 2012
- Bacillus dipsosauri Lawson et al. 1996
- Bacillus drentensis Heyrman et al. 2004
- Bacillus ectoiniformans Zhu et al. 2016
- Bacillus edaphicus Shelobolina et al. 1998
- Bacillus ehimensis Kuroshima et al. 1996
- Bacillus eiseniae Hong et al. 2012
- Bacillus encimensis Dastager et al. 2015
- Bacillus enclensis Dastager et al. 2014
- Bacillus endolithicus Parag et al. 2015
- Bacillus endophyticus Reva et al. 2002
- Bacillus endoradicis Zhang et al. 2012
- Bacillus endozanthoxylicus Ma et al. 2017
- Bacillus farraginis Scheldeman et al. 2004
- Bacillus fastidiosus den Dooren de Jong 1929
- Bacillus fengqiuensis Zhao et al. 2014
- Bacillus fermenti Hirota et al. 2018
- Bacillus filamentosus Sonalkar et al. 2015
- Bacillus firmus Bredemann and Werner 1933
- Bacillus flexus (ex Batchelor 1919) Priest et al. 1989
- Bacillus foraminis Tiago et al. 2006
- Bacillus fordii Scheldeman et al. 2004
- Bacillus formosensis Lin et al. 2015
- Bacillus formosus (ex Porter 1940) Shida et al. 1995
- Bacillus fortis Scheldeman et al. 2004
- Bacillus fumarioli Logan et al. 2000
- Bacillus fungorum Liu et al. 2020
- Bacillus funiculus Ajithkumar et al. 2002
- Bacillus fusiformis (ex Meyer and Gottheil 1901) Priest et al. 1989
- Bacillus galactophilus Takagi et al. 1993
- Bacillus galactosidilyticus Heyndrickx et al. 2004
- Bacillus galliciensis Balcázar et al. 2010
- Bacillus gelatini De Clerck et al. 2004
- Bacillus gibsonii Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus ginsengi Qiu et al. 2009
- Bacillus ginsengihumi Ten et al. 2007
- Bacillus ginsengisoli Nguyen et al. 2013
- Bacillus glennii Seuylemezian et al. 2020
- Bacillus globisporus Larkin and Stokes 1967
- Bacillus glucanolyticus Alexander and Priest 1989
- Bacillus glycinifermentans Kim et al. 2015
- Bacillus gobiensis Liu et al. 2016
- Bacillus gordonae Pichinoty et al. 1987
- Bacillus gossypii Kämpfer et al. 2015
- Bacillus gottheilii Seiler et al. 2013
- Bacillus graminis Bibi et al. 2011
- Bacillus halmapalus Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus haloalkaliphilus Fritze 1996
- Bacillus halochares Pappa et al. 2010
- Bacillus halodenitrificans Denariaz et al. 1989
- Bacillus halodurans (ex Boyer et al. 1973) Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus halophilus Ventosa et al. 1990
- Bacillus halosaccharovorans Mehrshad et al. 2013
- Bacillus halotolerans (Delaporte and Sasson 1967) Tindall 2017
- Bacillus haynesii Dunlap et al. 2017
- Bacillus hemicellulosilyticus Nogi et al. 2005
- Bacillus hemicentroti Chen et al. 2011
- Bacillus herbersteinensis Wieser et al. 2005
- Bacillus hisashii Nishida et al. 2015
- Bacillus horikoshii Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus horneckiae Vaishampayan et al. 2010
- Bacillus horti Yumoto et al. 1998
- Bacillus huizhouensis Li et al. 2014
- Bacillus humi Heyrman et al. 2005
- Bacillus hwajinpoensis Yoon et al. 2004
- Bacillus idriensis Ko et al. 2006
- Bacillus inaquosorum (Rooney et al. 2009) Dunlap et al. 2020
- Bacillus indicus Suresh et al. 2004
- Bacillus infantis Ko et al. 2006
- Bacillus infernus Boone et al. 1995
- Bacillus insolitus Larkin and Stokes 1967
- Bacillus invictae Branquinho et al. 2014
- Bacillus iocasae Wang et al. 2017
- Bacillus iranensis Bagheri et al. 2012
- Bacillus isabeliae Albuquerque et al. 2008
- Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009
- Bacillus jeddahensis Bittar et al. 2017
- Bacillus jeotgali Yoon et al. 2001
- Bacillus kaustophilus (ex Prickett 1928) Priest et al. 1989
- Bacillus kexueae Sun et al. 2018
- Bacillus kiskunsagensis Borsodi et al. 2017
- Bacillus kobensis Kanzawa et al. 1995
- Bacillus kochii Seiler et al. 2012
- Bacillus kokeshiiformis Poudel et al. 2014
- Bacillus koreensis Lim et al. 2006
- Bacillus korlensis Zhang et al. 2009
- Bacillus kribbensis Lim et al. 2007
- Bacillus krulwichiae Yumoto et al. 2003
- Bacillus lacus Singh et al. 2018
- Bacillus laevolacticus (ex Nakayama and Yanoshi 1967) Andersch et al. 1994
- Bacillus larvae White 1906
- Bacillus laterosporus Laubach 1916
- Bacillus lautus (ex Batchelor 1919) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus lehensis Ghosh et al. 2007
- Bacillus lentimorbus Dutky 1940
- Bacillus lentus Gibson 1935
- Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann 1898) Chester 1901
- Bacillus ligniniphilus Zhu et al. 2014
- Bacillus lindianensis Dou et al. 2016
- Bacillus litoralis Yoon and Oh 2005
- Bacillus locisalis Márquez et al. 2011
- Bacillus loiseleuriae Liu et al. 2016
- Bacillus lonarensis Reddy et al. 2015
- Bacillus luciferensis Logan et al. 2002
- Bacillus luteolus Shi et al. 2011
- Bacillus luteus Subhash et al. 2014
- Bacillus luti Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus lycopersici Lin et al. 2015
- Bacillus macauensis Zhang et al. 2006
- Bacillus macerans Schardinger 1905
- Bacillus macquariensis Marshall and Ohye 1966
- Bacillus macyae Santini et al. 2004
- Bacillus malacitensis Ruiz-García et al. 2005
- Bacillus malikii Abbas et al. 2016
- Bacillus mangrovi Gupta et al. 2017
- Bacillus mannanilyticus Nogi et al. 2005
- Bacillus manusensis Sun et al. 2018
- Bacillus marinisedimentorum Guo et al. 2018
- Bacillus marinus (Rüger and Richter 1979) Rüger 1983
- Bacillus marisflavi Yoon et al. 2003
- Bacillus marismortui Arahal et al. 1999
- Bacillus maritimus Pal et al. 2017
- Bacillus marmarensis Denizci et al. 2010
- Bacillus massiliensis Glazunova et al. 2006
- Bacillus massiliosenegalensis Ramasamy et al. 2016
- Bacillus megaterium de Bary 1884
- Bacillus mesonae Liu et al. 2014
- Bacillus mesophilus Zhou et al. 2017
- Bacillus methanolicus Arfman et al. 1992
- Bacillus methylotrophicus Madhaiyan et al. 2010
- Bacillus migulanus Takagi et al. 1993
- Bacillus miscanthi Shin et al. 2020
- Bacillus mobilis Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus mojavensis Roberts et al. 1994
- Bacillus mucilaginosus Avakyan et al. 1998
- Bacillus muralis Heyrman et al. 2005
- Bacillus murimartini Borchert et al. 2007
- Bacillus mycoides Flügge 1886
- Bacillus naganoensis Tomimura et al. 1990
- Bacillus nakamurai Dunlap et al. 2016
- Bacillus nanhaiensis Chen et al. 2011
- Bacillus nanhaiisediminis Zhang et al. 2011
- Bacillus natronophilus Menes et al. 2020
- Bacillus ndiopicus Lo et al. 2017
- Bacillus nealsonii Venkateswaran et al. 2003
- Bacillus neidei Nakamura et al. 2002
- Bacillus neizhouensis Chen et al. 2009
- Bacillus niabensis Kwon et al. 2007
- Bacillus niacini Nagel and Andreesen 1991
- Bacillus nitratireducens Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus notoginsengisoli Zhang et al. 2017
- Bacillus novalis Heyrman et al. 2004
- Bacillus oceani Song et al. 2016
- Bacillus oceanisediminis Zhang et al. 2010
- Bacillus odysseyi La Duc et al. 2004
- Bacillus okhensis Nowlan et al. 2006
- Bacillus okuhidensis Li et al. 2002
- Bacillus oleivorans Azmatunnisa et al. 2015
- Bacillus oleronius Kuhnigk et al. 1996
- Bacillus onubensis Dominguez-Moñino et al. 2018
- Bacillus oryzaecorticis Hong et al. 2014
- Bacillus oryzisoli Zhang et al. 2016
- Bacillus oryziterrae Bao et al. 2017
- Bacillus oshimensis Yumoto et al. 2005
- Bacillus pabuli (ex Schieblich 1923) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus pacificus Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus pakistanensis Roohi et al. 2014
- Bacillus pallidus Zhou et al. 2008
- Bacillus pallidus Scholz et al. 1988
- Bacillus panacisoli Choi and Cha 2014
- Bacillus panaciterrae Ten et al. 2006
- Bacillus pantothenticus Proom and Knight 1950
- Bacillus parabrevis Takagi et al. 1993
- Bacillus paraflexus Chandna et al. 2013
- Bacillus paralicheniformis Dunlap et al. 2015
- Bacillus paramycoides Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus paranthracis Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus pasinlerensis Baltaci et al. 2020
- Bacillus pasteurii (Miquel 1889) Chester 1898
- Bacillus patagoniensis Olivera et al. 2005
- Bacillus peoriae Montefusco et al. 1993
- Bacillus persepolensis Amoozegar et al. 2009
- Bacillus persicus Didari et al. 2013
- Bacillus pervagus Kosowski et al. 2014
- Bacillus piezotolerans Yu et al. 2019
- Bacillus piscicola Daroonpunt et al. 2016
- Bacillus plakortidis Borchert et al. 2007
- Bacillus pocheonensis Ten et al. 2007
- Bacillus polygoni Aino et al. 2008
- Bacillus polymachus Nguyen and Kim 2015
- Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macé 1889
- Bacillus popilliae Dutky 1940
- Bacillus populi Liu et al. 2018
- Bacillus praedii Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus proteolyticus Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus pseudalcaliphilus corrig. Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus pseudalcalophilus Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus pseudofirmus Nielsen et al. 1995
- Bacillus pseudomycoides Nakamura 1998
- Bacillus psychrodurans Abd El-Rahman et al. 2002
- Bacillus psychrophilus (ex Larkin and Stokes 1967) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus (ex Larkin and Stokes 1967) Priest et al. 1989
- Bacillus psychrotolerans Abd El-Rahman et al. 2002
- Bacillus pulvifaciens (ex Katznelson 1950) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil 1901
- Bacillus purgationiresistans Vaz-Moreira et al. 2012
- Bacillus purgationiresistens corrig. Vaz-Moreira et al. 2012
- Bacillus pycnus Nakamura et al. 2002
- Bacillus qingdaonensis Wang et al. 2007
- Bacillus qingshengii Xi et al. 2014
- Bacillus reuszeri Shida et al. 1995
- Bacillus rhizosphaerae Madhaiyan et al. 2013
- Bacillus rigiliprofundi Sylvan et al. 2015
- Bacillus rigui Baik et al. 2010
- Bacillus ruris Heyndrickx et al. 2005
- Bacillus safensis Satomi et al. 2006
- Bacillus saganii Seuylemezian et al. 2020
- Bacillus salacetis Daroonpunt et al. 2019
- Bacillus salarius Lim et al. 2006
- Bacillus salexigens Garabito et al. 1997
- Bacillus salidurans Son et al. 2019
- Bacillus salinus Kang et al. 2020
- Bacillus saliphilus Romano et al. 2005
- Bacillus salitolerans Zhang et al. 2015
- Bacillus salsus Amoozegar et al. 2013
- Bacillus schlegelii Schenk and Aragno 1981
- Bacillus sediminis Yu et al. 2014
- Bacillus selenatarsenatis Yamamura et al. 2007
- Bacillus selenitireducens Switzer Blum et al. 2001
- Bacillus seohaeanensis Lee et al. 2006
- Bacillus shacheensis Lei et al. 2014
- Bacillus shackletonii Logan et al. 2004
- Bacillus shivajii Kumar et al. 2018
- Bacillus siamensis Sumpavapol et al. 2010
- Bacillus silvestris Rheims et al. 1999
- Bacillus simplex (ex Meyer and Gottheil 1901) Priest et al. 1989
- Bacillus siralis Pettersson et al. 2000
- Bacillus smithii Nakamura et al. 1988
- Bacillus solani Liu et al. 2015
- Bacillus soli Heyrman et al. 2004
- Bacillus solimangrovi Lee et al. 2014
- Bacillus solisalsi Liu et al. 2009
- Bacillus solisilvae Pan et al. 2017
- Bacillus songklensis Kang et al. 2013
- Bacillus sonorensis Palmisano et al. 2001
- Bacillus sphaericus Meyer and Neide 1904
- Bacillus spizizenii (Nakamura et al. 1999) Dunlap et al. 2020
- Bacillus spongiae Lee et al. 2019
- Bacillus sporothermodurans Pettersson et al. 1996
- Bacillus stamsii Müller et al. 2016
- Bacillus stearothermophilus Donk 1920
- Bacillus stercoris (Adelskov and Patel 2017) Dunlap et al. 2020
- Bacillus stratosphericus Shivaji et al. 2006
- Bacillus subterraneus Kanso et al. 2002
- 枯草芽孢桿菌 Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872
- Bacillus swezeyi Dunlap et al. 2017
- Bacillus taeanensis Lim et al. 2006
- Bacillus taiwanensis Liu et al. 2015
- Bacillus tamaricis Zhang et al. 2018
- Bacillus taxi Tuo et al. 2020
- Bacillus tequilensis Gatson et al. 2006
- Bacillus terrae Díez-Méndez et al. 2017
- Bacillus thermantarcticus corrig. Nicolaus et al. 2002
- Bacillus thermoaerophilus Meier-Stauffer et al. 1996
- Bacillus thermoamylovorans Combet-Blanc et al. 1995
- Bacillus thermoantarcticus Nicolaus et al. 2002
- Bacillus thermocatenulatus Golovacheva et al. 1991
- Bacillus thermocloacae corrig. Demharter and Hensel 1989
- Bacillus thermocloaceae Demharter and Hensel 1989
- Bacillus thermocopriae Han et al. 2013
- Bacillus thermodenitrificans (ex Klaushofer and Hollaus 1970) Manachini et al. 2000
- Bacillus thermoglucosidasius Suzuki 1984
- Bacillus thermolactis Coorevits et al. 2011
- Bacillus thermoleovorans Zarilla and Perry 1988
- Bacillus thermophilus Yang et al. 2013
- Bacillus thermoruber (ex Guicciardi et al. 1968) Manachini et al. 1985
- Bacillus thermosphaericus Andersson et al. 1996
- Bacillus thermotolerans Yang et al. 2013
- Bacillus thiaminolyticus (ex Kuno 1951) Nakamura 1990
- Bacillus thioparans corrig. Pérez-Ibarra et al. 2007
- Bacillus thioparus Pérez-Ibarra et al. 2007
- 苏云金芽孢杆菌 Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915
- Bacillus tianshenii Jiang et al. 2014
- Bacillus toyonensis Jiménez et al. 2014
- Bacillus tropicus Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus trypoxylicola Aizawa et al. 2010
- Bacillus tusciae Bonjour and Aragno 1985
- Bacillus urbisdiaboli Liu et al. 2019
- Bacillus urumqiensis Zhang et al. 2016
- Bacillus validus (ex Bredemann and Heigener 1935) Nakamura 1984
- Bacillus vallismortis Roberts et al. 1996
- Bacillus vedderi Agnew et al. 1996
- Bacillus velezensis Ruiz-García et al. 2005
- Bacillus vietnamensis Noguchi et al. 2004
- Bacillus vini Ma et al. 2017
- Bacillus vireti Heyrman et al. 2004
- Bacillus vulcani Caccamo et al. 2000
- Bacillus wakoensis Nogi et al. 2005
- Bacillus weihenstephanensis Lechner et al. 1998
- Bacillus wiedmannii Miller et al. 2016
- Bacillus wudalianchiensis Liu et al. 2017
- Bacillus wuyishanensis Liu et al. 2015
- Bacillus xiamenensis Lai et al. 2014
- Bacillus xiaoxiensis Chen et al. 2011
- Bacillus xiapuensis Liu et al. 2019
- Bacillus zeae Kämpfer et al. 2017
- Bacillus zhangzhouensis Liu et al. 2016
- Bacillus zhanjiangensis Chen et al. 2012
外部連結
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:芽孢桿菌屬 |
- Bacillus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
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