中觀應成派
應成派（梵語：），又稱隨應破派、必過性空派，大乘佛教中觀學派之下的支派之一，由佛護、月稱建立。這個派別的學說未傳入漢傳佛教，但在藏傳佛教傳承下來。後世的格魯派主要採取他們的見解，並將此認定為中觀派的主流。[1]
名稱
此派得名於他們使用的辯論技巧。他們採用隨應破（prasaṅga）的方式來闡述空性。清辯採用自立量來作為辯論技巧，與他們形成對立，被稱為中觀自續派（svātantrika）。
隨應破，又譯為墮過，最早起源於龍樹《中論》。本意為「墮於過失」，這種辯論技巧認為對方的主張中必有過失，尋找出其過失，就可破斥其主張。當對方最後所有的立量都失敗之後，就可以確認一切法都沒有實體，亦即是空性的。
月稱解釋這種方法，為自無宗故。宗（pratijñā）是因明學術語，指主張命題；自無宗，也就是自身不需要先提出自己的意見與見解。這派的見解，同於嘉祥吉藏所說「破邪即是顯正」的見解。
歷史
隨應破派的名稱，最早起於佛護、月稱。佛護為《中論》作註，提出隨應破方法，被清辯認為此法不合理，主張應採自立量。其徒月稱反駁清辯的見解，之後形成一個宗派，在那爛陀寺中傳承。
註釋
- Padmakara Translation Group 2005, p. 386, note 12.
參考文獻
- 主要參考資料
- Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, , Tharpa Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-0-948006-23-4
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, , Padmakara Translation, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9
- Tsong Khapa, , Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9
- Tsonghkhapa, , Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-514732-2
- 次要參考資料
- Brunhölzl, Karl, , Snow Lion Publications, 2004
- Garfield, Jay L.; Thakchöe, Sonam, , Cowherds (编), , Oxford University Press, 2011
- Cheng, Hsueh-Li, , Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 1981, 8: 451–478, doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara, , Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), , Simon and Schuster, 2015
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, , Buswell, Jr., Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (编), , Motilal Banarsidass, 1994
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, , , Wisom Publications, 1999
- Jinpa, Thupten, , Leaman, Oliver (编), , Routledge, 2006
- Newland, Guy, , KunchabPublicaties, 1999
- Padmakara Translation Group, , , Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, , , Shambhala, 2012
- Rizzi, Cesare, , Motilal Banarsidass, 1988
- Web-sources
延伸閲讀
- 導論
- Lopez, , , Snow Lion Publications, 1987
- Padmakara Translation Group, , , Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, , , Shambhala, 2012
- 印度中觀
- della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986)
- 西藏中觀(主要/次要 參考資料)
- Candrakirti; Ju Mipham, , Shambhala, 2012 (Candrakirti/Nyingma)
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, , Shambhala, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9 (Shantarakshita/Nyingma)
- Tsong Khapa, , Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9 (Gelugpa)
- Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama; 14th Dalai Lama; Berzin, Alexander, , (PDF), Shambhala, 1997 (Gelugpa)
- Jang-Gya; Lopez, Donald, , Snow Lion Publications, 1987 (Gelugpa)
- Brunhölzl, Karl, , Snow Lion Publications, 2004 (Kagyu)
- Cabezon, J. I.; Lobsang Dargyay, , Wisdom, 2007 (Sakya)
- 西藏中觀(次要參考資料)
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), , Wisdom Publications, 2003
- Vose, Kevin Alan, , University of Virginia, 2005
- Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas 页面存档备份，存于. In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy 页面存档备份，存于, Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa)
- Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5
- Cornu, Philippe, , , KunchabPublicaties, 2001
外部連結
- The Buddha Within by S. K. Hookham on Rangtong and Shentong
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