分枝杆菌属
该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物中造成严重疾病的病原菌，包括结核杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）和麻风杆菌（Mycobacterium leprae）[1]。
| 分枝杆菌属 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 結核分枝桿菌 | |
科学分类  | |
| 界： | 原核生物界 Bacteria |
| 门： | 放线菌门 Actinobacteria |
| 目： | 放线菌目 Actinomycetales |
| 科： | 分枝杆菌科 Mycobacteriaceae |
| 属： | 分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium Lehmann & Neumann 1896 |
| 模式种 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 | |
分枝杆菌屬（Mycobacterium）為放线菌门下的一個屬，且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。
希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」，意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面，形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]
微生物特徵
本屬物種為好氧型細菌，且為不運動型細菌（海洋分枝桿菌除外，其可以在巨噬細胞內運動），為一種抗酸型細菌[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子或莢膜，因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫，因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子，但有兩個物種似乎例外，那就是海洋分枝桿菌（Mycobacterium marinum）和牛分枝桿菌（M. bovis）[3]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[4]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚，且呈蠟狀疏水性，並含有大量的分枝菌酸（mycolic acids）。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起，讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑，也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[5]
物種
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/%5B%5D) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
Phenotypic tests can be used to identify and distinguish different Mycobacteria species and strains. In older systems, mycobacteria are grouped based upon their appearance and rate of growth. However, these are symplesiomorphies, and more recent classification is based upon cladistics.
結核菌群 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
- 結核桿菌（ M. tuberculosis），肺結核的主要致病菌。
- M. bovis
- M. bovis BCG
- M. africanum
- M. canetti
- M. caprae
- M. microti
- M. pinnipedii
鳥型分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium avium complex
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[6]Species in this complex include:
- M. avium
- M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
- M. avium silvaticum
- M. avium "hominissuis"
- M. colombiense
- M. indicus pranii
戈登分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium gordonae clade
- M. asiaticum
- M. gordonae
堪薩斯分支桿菌 Mycobacterium kansasii clade
- M. g
- M. kansasii
Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
- M. hiberniae
- M. nonchromogenicum
- M. terrae
- M. triviale
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
- M. ulcerans, which causes the "Buruli", or "Bairnsdale, ulcer"
- M. pseudoshottsii
- M. shottsii
Mycobacterium simiae clade
- M. triplex
- M. genavense
- M. florentinum
- M. lentiflavum
- M. palustre
- M. kubicae
- M. parascrofulaceum
- M. heidelbergense
- M. interjectum
- M. simiae
未分群
- M. branderi
- M. cookii
- M. celatum
- M. bohemicum
- M. haemophilum
- M. malmoense
- M. szulgai
- 痲瘋桿菌（M. leprae），痲瘋病的致病菌。
- M. lepraemurium
- M. lepromatosis, another (less significant) cause of leprosy, described in 2008
- M. botniense
- M. chimaera
- M. conspicuum
- M. doricum
- M. farcinogenes
- M. heckeshornense
- M. intracellulare
- M. lacus
- 海洋分枝桿菌（M. marinum）, causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
- M. monacense
- M. montefiorense
- M. murale
- M. nebraskense
- M. saskatchewanense
- M. scrofulaceum
- M. shimoidei
- M. tusciae
- M. xenopi
- M. yongonense
生長速率中等
- M. intermedium
Mycobacterium chelonae clade
- 膿腫分枝桿菌
- M. chelonae
- M. bolletii
Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
- M. fortuitum
- M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
- M. boenickei
- M. peregrinum
- M. porcinum
- M. senegalense
- M. septicum
- M. neworleansense
- M. houstonense
- M. mucogenicum
- M. mageritense
- M. brisbanense
- M. cosmeticum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade
- M. parafortuitum
- M. austroafricanum
- M. diernhoferi
- M. hodleri
- M. neoaurum
- M. frederiksbergense
Mycobacterium vaccae clade
- M. aurum
- M. vaccae
CF
- M. chitae
- M. fallax
未分群
- M. confluentis
- M. flavescens
- M. madagascariense
- M. phlei
- M. smegmatis
- M. goodii
- M. wolinskyi
- M. thermoresistibile
- M. gadium
- M. komossense
- M. obuense 大府分枝杆菌
- M. sphagni
- M. agri
- M. aichiense
- M. alvei
- M. arupense
- M. brumae
- M. canariasense
- M. chubuense
- M. conceptionense
- M. duvalii
- M. elephantis
- M. gilvum
- M. hassiacum
- M. holsaticum
- M. immunogenum
- M. massiliense
- M. moriokaense
- M. psychrotolerans
- M. pyrenivorans
- M. vanbaalenii
- M. pulveris
未分群
- M. arosiense
- M. aubagnense
- M. caprae
- M. chlorophenolicum
- M. fluoroanthenivorans
- M. kumamotonense
- M. novocastrense
- M. parmense
- M. phocaicum
- M. poriferae
- M. rhodesiae
- M. seoulense
- M. tokaiense
分枝桿菌噬菌體
Mycobacteria can be infected by Mycobacteriophage, bacterial viruses that may be used in the future to treat tuberculosis and related diseases by phage therapy.
參見
- 細菌分類表
- 牝牛分枝桿菌
參考文獻
- Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
- Ghosh, Jaydip, Pontus Larsson, Bhupender Singh, B M Fredrik Pettersson, Nurul M Islam, Sailendra Nath Sarkar, Santanu Dasgupta, y Leif A Kirsebom. 2009. "Sporulation in mycobacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 26 (Junio 30): 10781-10786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541637 页面存档备份，存于
- Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
- Bhamidi S. . . Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
- Rahman SA, Singh Y, Kohli S, Ahmad J, Ehtesham NZ, Tyagi AK, Hasnain SE (2014) Comparative analyses of nonpathogenic, opportunistic, and totally pathogenic Mycobacteria reveal genomic and biochemical variabilities and highlight the survival attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MBio 5(6). pii: e02020-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02020-14
延伸閱讀
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 页面存档备份，存于. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Aug 1997 156(2) Part 2 Supplement
- RIDOM: Ribosomal Differentiation of Medical Microorganisms
- J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Mycobacterium
外部連結
- Tuberculist 页面存档备份，存于: Genome annotation database
- MTB Sysborg: Genome annotation database from the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
- TB Structural Genomics Consortium: Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
- MycDB: Mycobacterium database
- TBDB: Tuberculosis database
- Mycobacteriumgenomes and related information at PATRIC页面存档备份，存于, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID页面存档备份，存于
- Frequently Asked Questions about NTM Lung Disease
- PRASITE: Identification of mycobacteria 页面存档备份，存于
template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases template:Mycobacteria
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