坐牛
坐牛(拉科塔語:Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake;英語:[lower-alpha 1];約1831年-1890年12月15日),美国印第安人拉科塔族胡克帕帕[2]領袖。
坐牛 Sitting Bull | |
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坐牛,攝於1885年 | |
拉科塔族胡克帕帕領袖 | |
个人资料 | |
出生 | Húŋkešni(或"Slow")或 Jumping Badger 約1831年[1] 達科他領地格蘭德河 (南達科他州) |
逝世 | 1890年11月15日(59岁) 格蘭德河,今立石印第安保留區內 |
墓地 | 南達科他州莫布里奇 45°31′0″N 100°29′7″W |
配偶 |
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签名 | |
军事背景 | |
参战 | 小大角戰役 |
1831年3月坐牛生于今日美国南达科他州北部,幼时即以遇事三思而闻名。14岁后,成为本部落的酋長。同时,他也是勇敢的战士,领导本部落对世仇克罗人进行一系列征讨。
1876年,坐牛與瘋馬兩人领导本部落和夏延人的联军3500人,伏击美国联邦第7骑兵團。同年6月25日,在小大角戰役中,击毙團长乔治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特。之后,他带领本部落避难加拿大。1881年7月20日,他返回美国,在蒙大拿州向美军投降,获得大赦。
在他的晚年,许多美国印第安部落沉浸于一种名叫鬼舞的宗教仪式之中,希望通过这种仪式驱逐白人殖民者。坐牛本人并不是鬼舞的信徒,但是美国政府仍然担心他领导新一轮针对白人的军事行动。1890年12月,美国政府派遣了一队警察试图拘捕坐牛。15日,坐牛在枪战中遭擊斃。
延伸阅读
- Nelson, Paul D., 'A shady Pair' and an 'attempt on his life' – Sitting Bull and His 1884 visit to St. Paul, Ramsey County History Quarterly V38 #1, Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN, 2003.
- Adams, Alexander B. Sitting Bull: An Epic of the Plains. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1973.
- Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
- DeWall, Robb. The Saga of Sitting Bull's Bones: The Unusual Story Behind Sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski's Memorial to Chief Sitting Bull. Crazy Horse, S.D.: Korczak's Heritage, 1984.
- Manzione, Joseph. "I Am Looking to the North for My Life": Sitting Bull: 1876–1881. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991.
- Newson, Thomas McLean. Thrilling scenes among the Indians, with a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull. Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co., 1884.
- "Confirmation of the Disaster." The New York Times. July 7, 1876.
- "The Death of Sitting Bull." The New York Times. December 17, 1890.
- "The Last of Sitting Bull." The New York Times. December 16, 1890.
- Reno, Marcus Albert. The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876. (Reprint online) Pacific Palisades, Calif.: 1951.
- Sifakis, Stewart. Who's Who In The Civil War. New York: Facts on File Publishing, 1988.
- Urwin, Gregory. Custer Victorious: The Civil War Battles of General George Armstrong Custer. Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990.
- Utley, Robert M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.
- Utley, Robert M. Sitting Bull: The Life and Times of an American Patriot
- Yenne, Bill. "Sitting Bull." Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2008.
- Vestal, Stanley. Sitting Bull: Champion of the Sioux, a Biography. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932.
參考資料與腳註
- 20. 1955: 723.
- 胡克帕帕部落為說拉科塔語的七支部落之一,可參考黑麋鹿口述,約翰·內哈特紀錄,賓靜蓀譯:《巫士.詩人.神話:黑麋鹿如是說》(台北:立緒文化,2003),頁84。
- 其英文名「Sitting Bull」是其拉科塔語名字的意譯。
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