指菊石
指菊石(學名:),又名指紋菊石,是生存在早侏羅紀海洋中的一屬菊石,游速很慢。[3]牠們的化石分布廣泛,在幾乎所有大陸的地層中都有發現,被認為是有史以來最成功的菊石演化支之一。和許多其他屬的菊石一樣,指菊石在生物地層學中非常重要,是識別侏羅紀地層的關鍵指標化石。
指菊石属 化石时期:普连斯巴奇阶–托阿尔阶[1] | |
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Dactylioceras (Dactylioceras) athleticum的化石 | |
指菊石的復原圖 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
纲: | 頭足綱 Cephalopoda |
目: | †菊石目 Ammonitida |
科: | †指菊石科 Dactylioceratidae |
亚科: | †指菊石亚科 Dactylioceratinae |
属: | †指菊石属 Dactylioceras Hyatt, 1867 |
亞屬 | |
異名 | |
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特徵
指菊石的外殼為反旋結構,可見許多殼階和寬淺的核心。纖細且分叉的肋條緊密地排布在圓形的腹上,分叉的指狀肋條是本屬名稱的由來。在歐洲的中世紀時期,指菊石的外殼化石被人們視為盤曲、石化的無頭蛇,稱為蛇石。[3]
分類
目前繩菊石屬下有三至四個亞屬被認為是有效的:
- D. (Dactylioceras) Hyatt, 1867: 模式種: Ammonites communis Sowerby, 1815
- D. (Orthodactylites) Buckman, 1926: 模式種: Dactylioceras directus Buckman, 1926
- D. (Iranodactylites) Repin, 2000: 模式種: Dactylioceras (Iranodactylites) ketevanae Repin, 2000
- D. (Eodactylites) Schmidt-Effing, 1972: 模式種: Dactylioceras pseudocommune Fucini, 1935.某些學者不認可此亞屬,[4]另外一些學者則願意保留此亞屬。[5][6]
物種[7]
- Dactylioceras alpestre Wiedenmayer, 1980
- Dactylioceras amplum Dagis, 1968
- Dactylioceras anguiforme Buckman, 1928
- Dactylioceras anguinum Reinecke, 1818
- Dactylioceras annuliferum Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras arcus Buckman, 1926
- Dactylioceras athleticum Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras attenuatum Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras commune Sowerby, 1815
- Dactylioceras comptum Dagis, 1968
- Dactylioceras consimile Buckman, 1926
- Dactylioceras crassescens Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras crassifactum Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras crassiusculosum Buckman, 1912
- Dactylioceras crassiusculum Simpson, 1855
- Dactylioceras crassulum Buckman, 1921
- Dactylioceras crosbeyi Simpson, 1843
- Dactylioceras directum Buckman, 1926
- Dactylioceras ernsti Lehmann, 1968
- Dactylioceras gracile Simpson, 1843
- Dactylioceras helianthoides Yokoyama, 1904
- Dactylioceras hispansum Schmidt-Effing, 1972
- Dactylioceras hoelderi Hillebrandt & Schmidt-Effing, 1981
- Dactylioceras holandrei d'Orbigny, 1845
- Dactylioceras kanense McLearn, 1930
- Dactylioceras laticostatum Bardin et al., 2014
- Dactylioceras marioni Lissajous, 1906
- Dactylioceras mirabile Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras mite Buckman, 1927
- Dactylioceras peloritanum Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras percostatum Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras perplicatum Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras polymorphum Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras praepositum Buckman, 1927
- Dactylioceras pseudocommune Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras pseudocrassoides Maubeuge, 1957
- Dactylioceras semiannulatum Howarth, 1978
- Dactylioceras semicelatum Simpson, 1843
- Dactylioceras simplex Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras stresherense Sapunov, 1963
- Dactylioceras subholandrei Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras suntarense Krimholz, 1957
- Dactylioceras tardosensis Kovács, 2014
- Dactylioceras tauromenense Fucini, 1935
- Dactylioceras temperatum Buckman, 1927
- Dactylioceras tenuicostatum Young & Bird, 1822
- Dactylioceras toxophorum Buckman, 1926
- Dactylioceras triangulum Fischer, 1966
圖片
- Dactylioceras (Orthodactylites) helianthoides的化石
- Dactylioceras (Dactylioceras) commune的化石
- 指菊石的化石
參考文獻
- Sepkoski, Jack. . 2002 [2014-05-28].
- . [2018-05-27] (英语).
- Walker, Cyril; Ward, David. . Smithsonian Handbooks revised, illustrated. Dorling Kindersley. 2002: 149. ISBN 0789489848.
- M. K. Howarth 2013. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Revised, Volume 3B, Chapter 4: Psiloceratoidea, Eoderoceratoidea, Hildoceratoidea.
- Bardin, J., I. Rouget, M. Benzaggagh, F.T. Fürsich, and F. Cecca. 2014. Lower Toarcian (Jurassic) ammonites of the South Riffian ridges (Morocco): systematics and biostratigraphy. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.937204.(published online 20.08.2014).
- KOVÁCS, Zoltán. "Toarcian Dactylioceratidae (Ammonitina) from the Gerecse Mts (Hungary)." (2014): 45-77.
- Dactylioceras on the Paleobiology Database.
外部連結
- Dactylioceras in the Paleobiology Database
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