无损检测

无损检测（Nondestructive testing，NDT），是在不影响检测对象未来使用功能或现在的运行状态前提下，采用射线、超声、红外、电磁、太赫兹无损检测 等原理技术仪器对材料、零件、设备进行缺陷、化学、物理参数的检测技术。常见的有超声波检测焊缝中的裂纹等方法。中国机械工程学会无损检测学会是中国无损检测学术组织，TC56是其标准化机构。

應用與技術
An example of a 3D replicating technique. The flexible high-resolution replicas allow surfaces to be examined and measured under laboratory conditions. A replica can be taken from all solid materials.

NDT is divided into various methods of nondestructive testing, each based on a particular scientific principle. These methods may be further subdivided into various techniques. The various methods and techniques, due to their particular natures, may lend themselves especially well to certain applications and be of little or no value at all in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and technique is an important part of the performance of NDT.

  • 聲發射檢測 （AE or AT）
  • 红蓝酸蚀氧化检测（BEA，Blue etch anodize）
  • 染色滲透檢測法 或 液體滲透檢測法（PT or LPI）
  • 電磁感應檢測（ET 或 EMI，Electromagnetic Inspection）
    • 交流電場測量 （ACFM，Alternating current field measurement）
    • 交流電勢下降測量 （ACPD，Alternating current potential drop measurement）
    • 巴克豪森效應測試（Barkhausen testing）
    • 直流電勢下降測量（DCPD，Direct current potential drop measurement）
    • 渦電流檢測（ECT，Eddy-current testing）
    • Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope
    • 磁粉檢測法（MT 或 MPI，Magnetic-particle inspection）
    • 磁感（Magnetovision）
    • 遠場檢測（RFT，Remote field testing）
  • 橢圓偏振技術（Ellipsometry）
  • 內窺鏡檢測
  • 導波檢測 （GWT，Guided wave testing）
  • 硬度測試（Hardness testing）
  • 脈衝激振法（IET，Impulse excitation technique）
  • 微波成像（Microwave imaging）
  • X-Ray, Optical and Terahertz image of a packaged IC.[1]
    太赫兹非破壞檢測（THz，Terahertz nondestructive evaluation）
  • 紅外線及熱力檢測 （IR，Infrared and thermal testing）
    • 熱成像儀
    • 掃瞄熱顕微鏡
  • Laser testing
    • Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
    • Holographic interferometry
    • Self-mixing laser interferometry
    • 低連續性干涉測量術（Low coherence interferometry）
    • 光學同調斷層掃描（OCT，Optical coherence tomography）
    • 輪廓儀（Profilometer）
    • 雷射剪像儀（Shearography）
  • Leak testing (LT) or Leak detection
    • Hydrostatic test
    • Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)
    • Bubble testing
    • Halogen diode leak testing
    • Hydrogen leak testing
    • Mass spectrometer leak testing
    • Tracer-gas leak testing method for helium, hydrogen and refrigerant gases
  • 核磁共振成像（MRI，Magnetic Resonance Imaging）及核磁共振光譜法（NMR spectroscopy）
  • Metallographic replicas[2][3]
  • Spectroscopy
    • Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
    • Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)
    • (Far-infrared =) Terahertz spectroscopy
    • Raman Spectroscopy
  • Optical microscopy
  • Positive material identification (PMI)
  • Radiographic testing (RT) (see also Industrial radiography and Radiography)
    • Computed radiography
    • Digital radiography (real-time)
    • Neutron imaging
    • SCAR (small controlled area radiography)
    • X-ray computed tomography (CT)
  • Resonant inspection
    • Resonant acoustic method (RAM)[4]
  • Scanning electron microscopy
  • Surface temper etch (Nital Etch)
  • Ultrasonic testing (UT)
    • Acoustic resonance technology (ART)
    • Angle beam testing
    • Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) (non-contact)
    • Laser ultrasonics (LUT)
    • Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
    • Phased array ultrasonics (PAUT)
  • Thickness measurement
    • Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
    • Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
  • Vibration analysis
  • Visual inspection (VT)
    • Pipeline video inspection
  • Weight and load testing of structures
  • Corroscan/C-scan
  • 3D computed tomography
    • Industrial CT scanning
  • Heat Exchanger Life Assessment System
  • RTJ Flange Special Ultrasonic Testing


  1. Ahi, Kiarash. . Measurement. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.06.044.
  2. ASTM E1351: "Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas" (2006)
  3. BS ISO 3057 "Non-destructive testing - Metallographic replica techniques of surface examination" (1998)
  4. "Fundamentals of Resonant Acoustic Method NDT" (2005)
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