熟语
熟语[1],又称习语(idiom),是由词或语素(外語單音節,漢語單字一音)构成的常用而定型的现成语句,是大于词的语文单位,但又具有词的特性。熟语是短语或句子,但又与一般临时自由组合而成的短语或句子不同;它是经过人群长期沿用,结构基本定型,不能随意改动其组成部分的一种用语或文句。熟语主要包括成语、惯用语、歇后语及谚语。
分类
- 惯用语:惯用语是口语中一种短小定型,意义有所引申的习用性短语。汉语中的惯用语一般为三字格式,多为动宾结构,如:打白条、拍马屁等;也有偏正结构的,如:替罪羊、一刀切等。(参见条目:惯用语)
- 成语:是一种人们长期使用,具有书面语色彩的固定短语。汉语的成语一般是四字格式,但也有少量的三字或五字以上格式的。(参见条目:成语)
- 谚语:是人民群众口头流传的通俗而含义深刻的固定语句。谚语一般是人们对生活经验的精闢总结。
- 歇后语:由前后两部分构成的固定性口语。前一部分是比喻或隐语;后一部分是对前一部分的说明解释,是表达意义的重要部分。两部分之间有间歇,间歇之后的一部分常常不说出来,好让人猜想它的含义,所以人们将之叫作“歇后语”或“俏皮话”。参见条目:歇后语)
- 格言:具有教育意义的警句。一般出于名人之手,並且在群众中广泛流传的句子。
参考資料
參考文獻
- Crystal, A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
- Culicover, P. and R. Jackendoff. 2005. Simpler syntax. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Gibbs, R. 1987. "Linguistic factors in children's understanding of idioms". Journal of Child Language, 14, 569–586.
- Jackendoff, R. 1997. The architecture of the language faculty. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
- Jurafsky, D. and J. Martin. 2008. Speech and language processing: An introducuQ@QQQeeQEQction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition. Dorling Kindersley (India): Pearson Education, Inc.
- Leaney, C. 2005. In the know: Understanding and using idioms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Mel’čuk, I. 1995. "Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics". In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk and R. Schreuder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives, 167–232. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- O’Grady, W. 1998. "The syntax of idioms". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16, 79–312.
- Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012. "Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar". Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 163–214.
- Portner, P. 2005. What is meaning?: Fundamentals of formal semantics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
- Radford, A. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Saeed, J. 2003. Semantics. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
外部連結
查询維基詞典中的、或者。 |
- babelite.org 页面存档备份,存于 – Online cross-language idioms dictionary in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.
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