盾形動物門

盾形動物門學名:),又名盾狀動物門[2]雙側動物門[3],是一個已經完全滅絕動物,由Mikhail Fedonkin在1985年所建立。[4][5]牠們是一類非常早期的兩側對稱動物。其化石僅出現於前寒武紀埃迪卡拉紀地層當中。其兩側的體節呈滑移對稱而非簡單的兩側對稱,具有這種特殊對稱性質的體節被稱為異構體節[6][7]

盾形動物門
化石时期:567–550 Ma
PreЄ
埃迪卡拉紀
科学分类
界: 动物界 Animalia
亚界: 真后生动物亚界 Eumetazoa
演化支 副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa
演化支 浮浪幼虫样动物 Planulozoa
演化支 两侧对称动物 Bilateria
门: 盾形動物門 Proarticulata
Fedonkin, 1985
[1]
  • Vendiamorpha
    • Vendiidae
  • 側水母綱 Dipleurozoa
    • 狄更遜水母科 Dickinsoniidae
  • Cephalozoa
    • Yorgiidae
    • 斯普里格蠕蟲科 Sprigginidae

形態學

盾形動物門下三物種比較圖(Vendia sokoloviDickinsonia costataYorgia waggoneri

文德形態類(Vendiamorpha)

其身體完全分割,所有異構體節向後彎曲,第一個異構體節通常比其餘的大得多。前端的兩個異構體節部分融合。例如:文德蟲ParavendiaKarakhtia等。[6][8][9][10]

側水母綱(Dipleurozoa)

Cephalozoa

其身體前端沒有異構體節,所以呈現不完整的分割。例如:約吉亞蟲PraecambridiumAndivaArchaeaspinusIvovicia斯普里格蠕蟲MarywadeaCyanorus等。[6][8][10][11]

其他地位未定物種

Onega stepanoviTamga hamulifera中,所有的異構體節都被外圍的不分割區域包圍。Onega stepanovi的異構體節彼此相互接觸,形成筏狀區域,至於Tamga hamulifera的異構體節則彼此分離且不接觸。在Lossinia中,中心未分割的區域沒有明顯可見的異構體節,而是將來自未分割區域外圍的葉狀異構體節作為“橫向關節”發出。[11]

Andiva ivantsovi
Dickinsonia costata
Spriggina floundensi
Yorgia waggoneri

實體化石

  • Armillifera Fedonkin, 1980[13]
A. parva Fedonkin, 1980
  • Andiva Fedonkin, 2002[14]
A. ivantsovi Fedonkin, 2002
  • Archaeaspinus Ivantsov, 2007[6](=Archaeaspis Ivantsov, 2001)[11]
A. fedonkini Ivantsov, 2001
  • Chondroplon Wade, 1971 (可能 =Dickinsonia)
C. bilobatum Wade, 1971
  • Cyanorus Ivantsov, 2004[8]
C. singularis Ivantsov, 2004
D. costata Sprigg, 1947
D. lissa Wade, 1972
D. menneri Keller 1976[11](=Vendomia menneri Keller 1976[15])
D. tenuis Glaessner et Wade, 1966
  • Ivovicia Ivantsov, 2007[11]
I. rugulosa Ivantsov, 2007
  • Karakhtia Ivantsov, 2004
K. nessovi Ivantsov, 2004
  • Lossinia Ivantsov, 2007[11]
L. lissetskii Ivantsov, 2007
  • Marywadea Glaessner, 1976
M. ovata Glaessner et Wade, 1966
O. stepanovi Fedonkin, 1976
  • Ovatoscutum Glaessner et Wade, 1966
O. concentricum Glaessner et Wade, 1966
  • Paravendia Ivantsov, 2004[6][8]
P. janae Ivantsov, 2001 (=Vendia janae Ivantsov, 2001)
  • Phyllozoon Jenkins et Gehling, 1978
P. hanseni Jenkins et Gehling, 1978
  • Podolimirus Fedonkin, 1983
P. mirus Fedonkin, 1983
  • Praecambridium Glaessner et Wade, 1966
P. siggilum Glaessner et Wade, 1966
S. floundersi Glaessner, 1958
  • Tamga Ivantsov, 2007[11]
T. hamulifera Ivantsov, 2007
  • Valdainia Fedonkin, 1983
V. plumosa Fedonkin, 1983
  • 文德蟲屬VendiaKeller, 1969[6][8]
V. sokolovi Keller, 1969
V. rachiata Ivantsov, 2004
  • ? Windermeria Narbonne, 1994
W. aitkeni Narbonne, 1994[16]
  • 約吉亞蟲屬YorgiaIvantsov, 1999[7]
Y. waggoneri Ivantsov, 1999

痕跡化石

E. axiferus Ivantsov, 2002
E. waggoneris Ivantsov, 2011 (Yorgia waggoneri的痕跡化石)
E. costatus Ivantsov, 2011 (Dickinsonia costata的痕跡化石)

參見

參考文獻

  1. Mikhail A. Fedonkin, James G. Gehling, Kathleen Grey, Guy M. Narbonne, and Patricia Vickers-Rich foreword by Arthur C. Clarke. (2008) "The Rise of Animals. Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia"
  2. (日语).
  3. (中文).
  4. M. A. Fedonkin (1985). "Systematic Description of Vendian Metazoa". In Sokolov, B. S. and Iwanowski, A. B., eds., "Vendian System: Historical–Geological and Paleontological Foundation, Vol. 1: Paleontology". Moscow: Nauka, pp. 70–106.
  5. Fedonkin, M.A. (PDF). Paleontological Research. 31 March 2003, 7 (1): 9–41. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.9.
  6. Ivantsov, A.Y. . Paleontological Journal. 2001, 35 (4): 335–343.
  7. Ivantsov, A.Y. . Paleontological Journal. 1999, 33 (3): 233–241.
  8. Ivantsov, A. Yu. (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 2004, 38 (3): 247–253. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-27).
  9. Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E.; Serezhnikova, E.A. (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 2004, 38 (1): 1–9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-04).
  10. Ivantsov, A.Y. (2004) "Vendian Animals in the Phylum Proarticulata" 页面存档备份,存于. The Rise and Fall of the Vendian Biota. IGSP Project 493. Abstracts. Prato, Italy, p. 52.
  11. Ivantsov, A. Yu. . Paleontological Journal. April 2007, 41 (2): 113. doi:10.1134/S0031030107020013.
  12. Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E. (PDF). Doklady Earth Sciences. 2002, 385 (6): 618–622. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-04).
  13. Andrey Yu. Ivantsov. . Paleontological Journal. December 2010, 40 (12): 1552–1559. doi:10.1134/S0031030110120105.
  14. Fedonkin, M. A. . Italian Journal of Zoology. 2002, 69 (2): 175–181. doi:10.1080/11250000209356456.
  15. B. M. Keller and M. A. Fedonkin. (PDF). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. 1976, 3: 38–44. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-27) (俄语).
  16. Narbonne, G. M. . Journal of Paleontology. May 1994, 63 (3): 411–416. JSTOR 1306192.
  17. Ivantsov, A. Y. . Paleontological Journal. May 2011, 45 (3): 237–248. doi:10.1134/S0031030111030063.

外部連結

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