聚变实验列表

用于发展聚变能的实验总是会使用专门的装置,这些装置可以根据他们使用的聚变原理和燃料自持方式来进行区分。

Nova Laser,用于惯性约束聚变的实验(1984-1999)

主要区分为磁约束惯性约束两种。在磁约束中,热等离子体膨胀的趋势被等离子体中的电流和外部线圈产生的磁场之间的洛伦兹力抵消。粒子密度范围趋向于1018-1022 m−3,线性尺寸范围为0.1 m至10m。 粒子和能量约束时间在从几毫秒到超过一秒的范围内,但是配置本身通常通过输入粒子、能量和电流来维持数倍或数千倍的时间。一些理论能够无限期地维持等离子体。

磁约束

环形器

环形器可以是轴对称的,例如托卡马克反场箍缩,也可以是不对称的,比如仿星器。通过放弃环形对称性而获得的额外的自由度可能最终可以产生更好的约束,但工程、理论和实验诊断上的成本十分复杂。仿星器通常具有周期性,例如五倍的旋转对称。反场箍缩,尽管具有一些理论上的优势,例如低磁场线圈,还没有证明是成功的。

托卡马克

装置名称 状态 建造时间 运行时间 地点 所属组织 最大/最小半径 磁场 等离子电流 备注 照片
T-1关闭 ? 1957-1959 莫斯科 Kurchatov Institute 0.625 m/0.13 m 1 T 0.04 MA 首台托卡马克
T-3关闭 ? 1962-? 莫斯科 Kurchatov Institute 1 m/0.12 m 2.5 T 0.06 MA
ST (Symmetric Tokamak)关闭 Model C 1970-1974 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1.09 m/0.13 m 5.0 T 0.13 MA 美国首台托卡马克,从Model C仿星器改造而来
ORMAK (Oak Ridge tokaMAK)关闭 1971-1976 橡树岭 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 0.8 m/0.23 m 2.5 T 0.34 MA 等离子体温度首次达到20 MK
ATC (Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor)关闭 1971-1972 1972-1976 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.88 m/0.11 m 2 T 0.05 MA 演示了等离子体压缩
TFR (Tokamak de Fontenay-aux-Roses)关闭 1973-1984 丰特奈-欧罗斯 CEA 1 m/0.2 m 6 T 0.49
T-10 (Tokamak-10)关闭 1975-? 莫斯科 Kurchatov Institute 1.50 m/0.36 m 4 T 0.6 MA 当时最大的托卡马克装置
PLT (Princeton Large Torus)关闭 1975-1986 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1.32 m/0.4 m 4 T 0.7 MA 等离子体电流首次达到1 MA
ASDEX (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment)[1]改造 →HL-2A 1980-1990 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 1.65 m/0.4 m 2.8 T 0.5 MA 1982年发现了H模
TEXTOR (Tokamak Experiment for Technology Oriented Research)[2][3]关闭 1976-1980 1981-2013 于利希 Forschungszentrum Jülich 1.75 m/0.47 m 2.8 T 0.8 MA 研究等离子体-壁相互作用
TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor)[4]关闭 1980-1982 1982-1997 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 2.4 m/0.8 m 6 T 3 MA 创造了聚变能输出10.7 MW、等离子体温度510 MK的纪录
JET (Joint European Torus)[5]运行中 1978-1983 1983- 卡尔汉姆 Culham Centre for Fusion Energy 2.96 m/0.96 m 4 T 7 MA 创造了聚变能输出16.1 MW的纪录
Novillo[6][7]关闭 NOVA-II 1983-2004 墨西哥城 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares 0.23 m/0.06 m 1 T 0.01 MA 研究等离子体-壁相互作用
JT-60 (Japan Torus-60)[8]改造 →JT-60SA 1985-2010 那珂 Template:Country data JP Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute 3.4 m/1.0 m 4 T 3 MA High-beta steady-state operation, highest fusion triple product
DIII-D[9]运行中 1986[10] 1986- 圣地亚哥 General Atomics 1.67 m/0.67 m 2.2 T 3 MA 托卡马克优化设计
STOR-M (Saskatchewan Torus-Modified)[11]运行中 1987- 萨斯卡通 Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan) 0.46 m/0.125 m 1 T 0.06 MA 研究等离子体加热和反常运输
T-15改造 →T-15MD 1983-1988 1988-1995 莫斯科 Kurchatov Institute 2.43 m/0.7 m 3.6 T 1 MA 首台超导托卡马克
Tore Supra[12]改造 →WEST 1988-2011 卡达拉舍 Département de Recherches sur la Fusion Contrôlée 2.25 m/0.7 m 4.5 T 2 MA 主动冷却的大型托卡马克
ADITYA (tokamak)运行中 1989- 甘地讷格尔 Institute for Plasma Research 0.75 m/0.25 m 1.2 T 0.25 MA
COMPASS (COMPact ASSembly)[13][14]运行中 1980- 1989- 布拉格 Template:Country data CZ Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR 0.56 m/0.23 m 2.1 T 0.32 MA
FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade)运行中 1990- 弗拉斯卡蒂 ENEA 0.935 m/0.35 m 8 T 1.6 MA
START (Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak)[15]关闭 1990-1998 卡尔汉姆 Culham Centre for Fusion Energy 0.3 m/? 0.5 T 0.31 MA 首台全尺寸球形托卡马克
ASDEX Upgrade (Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment)运行中 1991- 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 1.65 m/0.5 m 2.6 T 1.4 MA
Alcator C-Mod (Alto Campo Toro)[16]关闭 1986- 1991-2016 剑桥 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 0.68 m/0.22 m 8 T 2 MA 创造了等离子体压力2.05 bar的纪录
ISTTOK (Instituto Superior Técnico TOKamak)[17]运行中 1992- 里斯本 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear 0.46 m/0.085 m 2.8 T 0.01 MA
TCV (Tokamak à Configuration Variable)[18]运行中 1992- 洛桑 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 0.88 m/0.25 m 1.43 T 1.2 MA 聚变研究
Pegasus Toroidal Experiment[19]运行中 ? 1996- 麦迪逊 University of Wisconsin–Madison 0.45 m/0.4 m 0.18 T 0.3 MA 极低长宽比
NSTX (National Spherical Torus Experiment)[20]运行中 1999- 平原镇Plainsboro Township Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.85 m/0.68 m 0.3 T 2 MA 研究球形托卡马克理论
ET (Electric Tokamak)改造 →ETPD 1998 1999-2006 洛杉矶 UCLA 5 m/1 m 0.25 T 0.045 当时最大的托卡马克装置
CDX-U (Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade)改造 →LTX 2000-2005 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.3 m/? m 0.23 T 0.03 MA Study Lithium in plasma walls
MAST (Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak)[21]改造 →MAST-Upgrade 1997-1999 1999-2013 卡尔汉姆 Culham Centre for Fusion Energy 0.9 m/0.6 m 0.55 T 1.4 MA 研究球形托卡马克聚变
SST-1 (Steady State Superconducting Tokamak)[22]运行中 2001- 2005- 甘地讷格尔 Institute for Plasma Research 1.1 m/0.2 m 3 T 0.22 MA Produce a 1000s elongated double null divertor plasma
EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak)[23]运行中 2003-2006 2006- 合肥 Hefei Institutes of Physical Science 1.85 m/0.4 5m 3.5 T 0.5 MA H模式等离子体在50 MK时自持超过100 s
KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research)[24]运行中 1998-2007 2008- 大田 National Fusion Research Institute 1.8 m/0.5 m 3.5 T 2 MA 全超导托卡马克
LTX (Lithium Tokamak Experiment)运行中 2005-2008 2008- 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.4 m/? m 0.4 T 0.4 MA Study Lithium in plasma walls
QUEST (Spherical Tokamak)[25]运行中 2008- 春日 Template:Country data JP Kyushu University 0.68 m/0.4 m 0.25 T 0.02 MA 研究球形托卡马克中的稳态等离子体
Kazakhstan Tokamak for Material testing (KTM)运行中 2000-2010 2010- 库尔恰托夫 National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan 0.86 m/0.43 m 1 T 0.75 MA Testing of wall and divertor
ST25-HTS[26]运行中 2012-2015 2015- 卡尔汉姆 Tokamak Energy Ltd 0.25 m/0.125 m 0.1 T 0.02 MA 稳态等离子体
WEST (Tungsten Environment in Steady-state Tokamak)运行中 2013-2016 2016- 卡达拉舍 Département de Recherches sur la Fusion Contrôlée 2.5 m/0.5 m 3.7 T 1 MA 主动冷却超导托卡马克
ST40[27]运行中 2017-2018 2018- 卡尔汉姆 Tokamak Energy Ltd 0.4 m/0.3 m 3 T 2 MA 首台球形强场托卡马克
JT-60SA (Japan Torus-60 super, advanced)[28]建设中 2013-2020? 2020? 那珂 Template:Country data JP Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute 2.96 m/1.18 m 2.25 T 5.5 MA Optimise plasma configurations for ITER and DEMO with full non-inductive steady-state operation
ITER[29]建设中 2013- 2025? 卡达拉舍 ITER Council 6.2 m/2.0 m 5.3 T 15 MA ? Demonstrate feasibility of fusion on a power-plant scale with 500 MW fusion power
DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test facility)[30]规划 ? 2022? 弗拉斯卡蒂 ENEA 2.15 m/0.70 m 6 T ? 6 MA ? Divertor design
IGNITOR[31]规划[32] ? >2024 特罗伊茨克 ENEA 1.32 m/0.47 m 13 T 11 MA ? Compact fustion reactor with self-sustained plasma and 100 MW of planned fusion power
CFETR (China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor)[33]规划 2020? 2030? Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 5.7 m ? 5 T ? 10 MA ? Bridge gaps between ITER and DEMO, planned fusion power 1000 MW
K-DEMO (Korean fusion demonstration tokamak reactor)[34]规划 2037? National Fusion Research Institute 6.8 m/2.1 m 7 T 12 MA ? Prototype for the development of commercial fusion reactors with around 2200 MW of fusion power
DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Station)规划 2031? 2044? ? 9 m/3 m ? 6 T ? 20 MA ? Prototype for a commercial fusion reactor

仿星器

Device Name Status Construction Operation Type Location Organisation Major/Minor Radius B-field Purpose Image
Model A关闭 1952-1953 1953-? Figure-8 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.3 m/0.02 m 0.1 T First stellarator
Model B关闭 1953-1954 1954-1959 Figure-8 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.3 m/0.02 m 5 T Development of plasma diagnostics
Model B-2关闭 Figure-8 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.3 m/0.02 m 5 T
Model B-3关闭 1958 Figure-8 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 0.4 m/0.02 m 4 T
Model B-64关闭 1955 Square 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory ? m/0.05 m 1.8 T
Model B-65关闭 Racetrack 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Model B-66关闭 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Wendelstein 1-A关闭 1960 Racetrack 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 0.35 m/0.02 m 2 T ℓ=3
Wendelstein 1-B关闭 1960 Racetrack 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 0.35 m/0.02 m 2 T ℓ=2
Model C改造 →ST 1957-1962 1962-1969 Racetrack 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1.9 m/0.07 m 3.5 T Found large plasma losses by Bohm diffusion
L-1关闭 1963 1963-1971 Lebedev Lebedev Physical Institute 0.6 m/0.05 m 1 T
SIRIUS关闭 1964-? 哈尔科夫
TOR-1关闭 1967 1967-1973 Lebedev Lebedev Physical Institute 0.6 m/0.05 m 1 T
TOR-2关闭 ? 1967-1973 Lebedev Lebedev Physical Institute 0.63 m/0.036 m 2.5 T
Wendelstein 2-A关闭 1965-1968 1968-1974 Heliotron 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 0.5 m/0.05 m 0.6 T Good plasma confinement “Munich mystery”
Wendelstein 2-B关闭 ?-1970 1971-? Heliotron 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 0.5 m/0.055 m 1.25 T Demonstrated similar performance than tokamaks
L-2关闭 ? 1975-? Lebedev Lebedev Physical Institute 1 m/0.11 m 2.0 T
WEGA改造 →HIDRA 1972-1975 1975-2013 Classical stellarator 格赖夫斯瓦尔德 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 0.72 m/0.15 m 1.4 T Test lower hybrid heating
Wendelstein 7-A关闭 ? 1975-1985 Classical stellarator 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 2 m/0.1 m 3.5 T First "pure" stellarator without plasma current
Heliotron-E关闭 ? 1980-? Heliotron Template:Country data JP 2.2 m/0.2 m 1.9 T
Heliotron-DR关闭 ? 1981-? Heliotron Template:Country data JP 0.9 m/0.07 m 0.6 T
Auburn Torsatron关闭 ? 1984-1990 Torsatron 奥本 Auburn University 0.58 m/0.14 m 0.2 T
Wendelstein 7-AS关闭 1982-1988 1988-2002 Modular, advanced stellarator 加兴 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 2 m/0.13 m 2.6 T First H-mode in a stellarator in 1992
Compact Helical System (CHS)关闭 ? 1989-? Heliotron 土岐 Template:Country data JP National Institute for Fusion Science 1 m/0.2 m 1.5 T
Compact Auburn Torsatron (CAT)关闭 ?-1990 1990-2000 Torsatron 奥本 Auburn University 0.53 m/0.11 m 0.1 T Study magnetic flux surfaces
H-1NF[35]运行中 1992- Heliac 堪培拉 Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University 1.0 m/0.19 m 0.5 T
TJ-K[36]运行中 TJ-IU 1994- Torsatron 基尔 University of Stuttgart 0.60 m/0.10 m 0.5 T Teaching
TJ-II[37]运行中 1991- 1997- flexible Heliac 马德里 National Fusion Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (Ciemat) 1.5 m/0.28 m 1.2 T Study plasma in flexible configuration
LHD (Large Helical Device)[38]运行中 1990-1998 1998- Heliotron 土岐 Template:Country data JP National Institute for Fusion Science 3.5 m/0.6 m 3 T Determine feasibility of a stellarator fusion reactor
HSX (Helically Symmetric Experiment)运行中 1999- Modular, quasi-helically symmetric 麦迪逊 University of Wisconsin–Madison 1.2 m/0.15 m 1 T investigate plasma transport
Heliotron J (Heliotron J)[39]运行中 2000- Heliotron 京都 Template:Country data JP Institute of Advanced Energy 1.2 m/0.1 m 1.5 T Study helical-axis heliotron configuration
Uragan-2(M)[40] ? ? ? Heliotron, Torsatron 哈尔科夫 National Science Center, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT) 1.7 m/0.24 m 2.4 T ?
Uragan-3 (M)[41] ? ? ? Torsatron 哈尔科夫 National Science Center, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT) 1.0 m/0.12 m 1.3 T ?
Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT)运行中 ? 2004- Circular interlocked coils 纽约 Columbia University 0.3 m/0.1 m 0.2 T Study of non-neutral plasmas
Quasi-poloidal stellarator (QPS)[42][43]取消 2001-2007 - Modular 橡树岭 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 0.9 m/0.33 m 1.0 T Stellarator research
NCSX (National Compact Stellarator Experiment)取消 2004-2008 - Helias 普林斯顿 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1.4 m/0.32 m 1.7 T High-β stability
Compact Toroidal Hybrid (CTH)运行中 ? 2007?- Torsatron 奥本 Auburn University 0.75 m/0.2 m 0.7 T Hybrid stellarator/tokamak
HIDRA (Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications)[44]运行中 2013-2014 (WEGA) 2014- ? 厄巴纳 University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign 0.72 m/0.19 m 0.5 T Stellarator and Tokamak in one device
UST_2[45]运行中 2013 2014- modular three period quasi-isodynamic 马德里 Charles III University of Madrid 0.29 m/0.04 m 0.089 T 3D printed stellarator
Wendelstein 7-X[46]运行中 1996-2015 2015- Helias 格赖夫斯瓦尔德 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik 5.5 m/0.53 m 3 T Steady-state plasma in fully optimized stellarator
SCR-1 (Stellarator of Costa Rica)运行中 2011-2015 2016- Modular 卡塔戈 Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica 0.14 m/0.042 m 0.044 T

反场箍缩

磁镜

球形马克

  • Template:Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment

场反向位形

  • C-2 Tri Alpha EnergyTri_Alpha_Energy
  • C-2U Tri Alpha Energy
  • C-3 (under construction?) Tri Alpha Energy
  • LSX, 华盛顿大学
  • IPA, 华盛顿大学
  • HF, 华盛顿大学
  • IPA-HF, 华盛顿大学

Plasma pinch

  • Trisops - 2 facing theta-pinch guns

Levitated Dipole

惯性约束

固态激光器
  • National Ignition Facility (NIF) at LLNL in California, US[51]
  • Laser Mégajoule of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique in Bordeaux, France (under construction)[52]
  • OMEGA EL Laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, US
  • Gekko XII at the Institute for Laser Engineering in Osaka, Japan
  • ISKRA-4 and ISKRA-5 Lasers at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center VNIIEF[53]
  • Pharos laser, 2 beam 1 kJ/pulse (IR) Nd:Glass laser at the Naval Research Laboratories
  • Vulcan laser at the central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 2.6 kJ/pulse (IR) Nd:glass laser
  • Trident laser, at LANL; 3 beams total; 2 x 400 J beams, 100 ps – 1 us; 1 beam ~100 J, 600 fs – 2 ns.
气体激光器
  • NIKE laser at the Naval Research Laboratories, Krypton Fluoride gas laser
  • PALS, formerly the "Asterix IV", at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,[54] 1 kJ max. output iodine laser at 1.315 micrometre fundamental wavelength
固态激光器
  • 4 pi laser built during the mid 1960s at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
  • Long path laser built at LLNL in 1972
  • The two beam Janus laser built at LLNL in 1975
  • The two beam Cyclops laser built at LLNL in 1975
  • The two beam Argus laser built at LLNL in 1976
  • The 20 beam Shiva laser built at LLNL in 1977
  • 24 beam OMEGA laser completed in 1980 at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics
  • The 10 beam Nova laser (dismantled) at LLNL. (First shot taken, December 1984 – final shot taken and dismantled in 1999)
气体激光器
  • "Single Beam System" or simply "67" after the building number it was housed in, a 1 kJ carbon dioxide laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory
  • Gemini laser, 2 beams, 2.5 kJ carbon dioxide laser at LANL
  • Helios laser, 8 beam, ~10 kJ carbon dioxide laser at LANL Media at Wikimedia Commons
  • Antares laser at LANL. (40 kJ CO2 laser, largest ever built, production of hot electrons in target plasma due to long wavelength of laser resulted in poor laser/plasma energy coupling)
  • Aurora laser 96 beam 1.3 kJ total krypton fluoride (KrF) laser at LANL
  • Sprite laser few joules/pulse laser at the Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Z-箍缩

惯性静电约束

磁化靶聚变

  • FRX-L
  • FRCHX
  • General Fusion - under development
  • LINUS project

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