越南語方言

現代越南語的發音以河內腔(北方方言)為標準。但是不少的海外越僑說的是西貢(南方方言)腔的越南語。海外的越南語媒體多數都用西貢腔廣播。河內腔跟西貢腔主要差別是在聲調和捲舌音上。

越南語方言,大致分做3類。三者間的差異主要在音韻和詞彙上,文法上的差異非常小。

Bản đồ phân bố 3 vùng phương ngữ chính của tiếng Việt tại Việt Nam

越南語方言分區


方言名稱 地区 舊名
防城方言 防城港市 東興方言
北部方言 河内海防等地 東京方言
清化方言 乂安荣市清漳)、清化广平河静 安南方言、北中方言
中部方言 顺化广南 安南方言
南部方言 胡志明市湄公河三角洲 交趾支那方言

音韻差異

在河內腔中,後面3組的字母並沒有發音上的差別:tr=ch=[tɕ]d=r=gi=[z]s=x=[s]。但是在西貢腔中,rstr需要捲舌,chgix 沒有捲舌。而且西貢腔將 d 唸做半元音[j]

捲舌音 平舌音 半元音 現代標準音
tr ch tr=ch=[tɕ]
r gi d r=gi=d=[z]
s x s=x=[s]

在聲調上,西貢腔將跌聲(陽上)歸併到問聲(陰上)。所以,西貢腔的越南語只有5個聲調。

聲母差異對比

聲母差異對比
音節位置拼寫法北部北中部中部南部
syllable-initial x [s] [s][s][s]
s [ʂ][ʂ][ʂ]
ch [tɕ] [tɕ][tɕ][tɕ]
tr [tʂ][tʂ][tʂ]
r [z] [ɹ][ɹ][ɹ]
d [z] [j] [j]
gi [ɟ]
v [1] [v][v]
syllable-final c [k][k] [k] [k]
t [t] [t]
t
after e
[k, t]
t
after ê
[t] [t]
t
after i
[t]
ch [c][c]
ng [ŋ][ŋ] [ŋ] [ŋ]
n [n] [n]
n
after i, ê
[n] [n]
nh [ɲ][ɲ]

l, n 對比

l, n對比
拼寫法 "Mainstream" varieties Rural varieties
n [n] [n]
l [l]

詞彙差異

底層詞彙差異對比[2]
北部方言中部方言南部方言漢語
nàyninầy"這"
thế nàyrivầy"因此"
ấynớ, têđó"那"
thế, thế ấyrứa, rứa têvậy đó"因此,所以,這種方式"
kiađó"that yonder"
kìatềđó"that yonder (far away)"
đâuđâu"哪裡"
nàonào"哪個"
sao, thế nàorăngsao"怎麼,爲什麽"
tôituitui"我(禮貌用語)"
taotautao, qua"我(日常用語)"
chúng tôibầy tuitụi tui"we, us (but not you, polite)"
chúng taobầy choatụi tao"咱们(but not you, arrogant, familiar)"
màymimầy"you (thou) (arrogant, familiar)"
chúng màybây, bọn bâytụi mầy"you guys, y'all (arrogant, familiar)"
hắn, nghỉ"he/him, she/her, it (arrogant, familiar)"
chúng nóbọn hắntụi nó"they/them (arrogant, familiar)"
ông ấyông nớổng"he/him, that gentleman, sir"
bà ấymệ nớ, mụ nớ, bà nớbả"she/her, that lady, madam"
cô ấyo nớcổ"she/her, that unmarried young lady"
chị ấyả nớchỉ"she/her, that young lady"
anh ấyeng nớảnh"he/him, that young man (of equal status)"

注釋

  1. In southern dialects, v is reported to have a spelling pronunciation (i.e., the spelling influences pronunciation) of [vj] or [bj] among educated speakers. However, educated speakers revert to usual [j] in more relaxed speech. Less educated speakers have [j] more consistently throughout their speech. See: Thompson (1959), Thompson (1965: 85, 89, 93, 97-98).
  2. Table data from Hoàng (1989).

參見

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