龍蝨科

龍蝨科（），亦作龍虱科，為水甲蟲的一種，隸屬於鞘翅目之下的肉食亞目。生活在田野、水溝、小溪等水體中，是一種掠食性水生昆蟲。其學名源於希臘文（dytikos），意思就是「肉食性的潛水甲蟲」。本科物種幾乎見於全世界所有淡水棲境，但亦有部分於落葉堆中棲息[1]。成蟲體長一般在1和2.5 cm（0.4～1.0英寸）之間，儘管物種間的差異會比較大。當中見於歐洲的Dytiscus latissimus及巴西的Megadytes ducalis有最大的體型，可分別長至4.5 cm（1.8英寸）到4.75 cm（1.9英寸）[1][2]。與之相反，擁有最小體型的物種應當為棲息於澳大利亞地下水中的Limbodessus atypicali，只有約0.9 mm（0.035英寸）長[1]。 大多數物種的顏色都在深棕色、黑色或深橄榄绿，某些亚科的物種會在其邊沿帶有金黃色的條狀斑紋。

龍蝨科
化石时期：侏儸紀晚期至今
Cybister lateralimarginalis
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲： 昆虫纲 Insecta
目： 鞘翅目 Coleoptera
亚目： 肉食亞目 Adephaga
总科： 龍蝨總科 Dytiscoidea
科： 龍蝨科 Dytiscidae
Leach, 1815
模式属
龙蝨属 Dytiscus
Linnaeus，1758
亞科、族與属

見内文

多样性
至少160個屬，約4000物種

[3]。 They have short, but sharp mandible (insect)s. Immediately upon biting, they deliver digestive enzymes. The 幼体e are commonly known as water tigers.[4] The family includes more than 4,000 described 物种 in numerous 属.[5]

幼蟲及其發育
A predaceous diving beetle larva ("water tiger")

When still in larval form, the beetles vary in size from about 1 to 5 cm (0.5 to 2.0 in). The larval bodies are shaped like crescents, with the tail long and covered with thin hairs. Six legs protrude from along the 胸, which also sports the same thin hairs. The head is flat and square, with a pair of long, large pincers. When hunting, they cling to grasses or pieces of wood along the bottom, and hold perfectly still until prey passes by, then they lunge, trapping their prey between their front legs and biting down with their pincers. Their usual prey includes 蝌蚪s and glassworms, among other smaller water-dwelling creatures.

As the larvae mature, they crawl from the water on the sturdy legs, and bury themselves in the mud for 蛹. After about a week, or longer in some species, they emerge from the mud as adults.

食用

本科物種的成蟲，特别是Cybister屬的物種，均為可食用昆蟲。在美國内华达州洪堡乾湖的一個山洞内，還在當地史前人類遺下的粪化石内發現有Cybister explanatus被食用的殘骸[6]。在墨西哥，他們在吃C. explanatus時會以墨西哥夹饼夾着來吃。在日本多個地區（例如：長野縣）有以日本龍蝨（Cybister japonicus）為食的習慣；在中华人民共和国广东省，除了日本龍蝨以外，亦會食用C. bengalensis、C. guerini、C. limbatus、C. sugillatus、C. tripunctatus等物種。D. marginalis很可能也包括在內，但這個物種的肉很少。也有報告指在台灣、泰国及新幾內亞亦有食用本科物種的習慣[7]。

一隻詳細分類未明的本科物種

Large but slow on land and not particularly fierce as adults, they are also eaten with relish by many midsized 鸟s, 哺乳动物s, and other larger 捕食s. The larvae are usually safer, due to their 保護色 and ability to escape by water jet; they can be quite hard to catch and may become 顶级掠食者s in small 池塘s.

Cultural significance

The diving beetle plays a role in a 切羅基人 creation story. According to the narrative, upon finding nowhere to rest in the "liquid chaos" the beetle brought up soft mud from the bottom. This mud then spread out to form all of the land on Earth.[6]

Ethnobiology

Adult Dytiscidae, as well as 豉甲科, are collected by young girls in 东非. It is believed that inducing the beetles to bite the nipples will stimulate breast growth.[6]

寄生蟲

螨 of the genus Dytiscacarus were found to be are highly specialised 寄生 of 鞘翅目 in the family Dytiscidae, undergoing their entire life cycle while inhabiting the space beneath the 翅鞘 of their hosts.[8]

系統分類

本科包括下列各屬[9][10]：

  • Acilius Leach, 1817
  • Aethionectes Sharp, 1882
  • Africodytes Biström, 1988
  • Africophilus Guignot, 1948
  • Agabetes Crotch, 1873
  • 豆龍蝨屬 Agabus Leach, 1817[10]
  • Agametrus Sharp, 1882
  • Agaporomorphus Zimmermann, 1921
  • Aglymbus Sharp, 1882
  • Agnoshydrus Biström, Nilsson & Wewalka, 1997
  • Allodessus Guignot, 1953
  • Allomatus Mouchamps, 1964
  • 彩斑龍蝨屬 Allopachria Zimmermann, 1924
  • Amarodytes Régimbart, 1900
  • Andex Sharp, 1882
  • Andonectes Guéorguiev, 1971
  • Anginopachria Wewalka, Balke & Hendrich, 2001
  • Anisomeria (beetle) Brinck, 1943
  • Anodocheilus Babington, 1841
  • Antiporus Sharp, 1882
  • Australphilus Watts, 1978
  • Austrodytes Watts, 1978
  • Barretthydrus Lea, 1927
  • Batrachomatus Clark, 1863
  • Bidessodes Régimbart, 1900
  • Bidessonotus Régimbart, 1895
  • Bidessus Sharp, 1882
  • Borneodessus Balke, Hendrich, Mazzoldi & Biström, 2002
  • Brachyvatus Zimmermann, 1919
  • Bunites Spangler, 1972
  • Calicovatellus K.B.Miller & Lubkin, 2001
  • Canthyporus Zimmermann, 1919
  • Capelatus prykei Turner & Bilton, 2015
  • Carabdytes Balke, Hendrich & Wewalka, 1992
  • Carabhydrus Watts, 1978
  • Celina (beetle) Aubé, 1837
  • Chostonectes Sharp, 1882
  • Clypeodytes Régimbart, 1894
  • Coelhydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Colymbetes Clairville, 1806
  • Comaldessus Spangler & Barr, 1995
  • Copelatus Erichson, 1832
  • Coptotomus Say, 1830
  • Cretodytes Ponomarenko, 1977
  • Crinodessus K.B.Miller, 1997
  • Cybister Curtis, 1827
  • Darwinhydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Deronectes Sharp, 1882
  • Derovatellus Sharp, 1882
  • Desmopachria Babington, 1841
  • Dimitshydrus Uéno, 1996
  • Dytiscus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Eretes Laporte, 1833
  • Geodessus Brancucci, 1979
  • Gibbidessus Watts, 1978
  • Glareadessus Wewalka & Biström, 1998
  • Graphoderus Dejean, 1833
  • Graptodytes Seidlitz, 1887
  • Haideoporus Young & Longley, 1976
  • Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921
  • Heroceras Guignot, 1950
  • Herophydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Heterhydrus Fairmaire, 1869
  • Heterosternuta Strand, 1935
  • Hoperius Fall, 1927
  • Hovahydrus Biström, 1982
  • Huxelhydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Hydaticus Leach, 1817
  • Hyderodes Hope, 1838
  • Hydrocolus Roughley & Larson, 2000
  • Hydrodessus J.Balfour-Browne, 1953
  • Hydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2001
  • Hydroglyphus Motschulsky, 1853
  • Hydronebrius Jakovlev, 1897
  • Hydropeplus Sharp, 1882
  • Hydroporus Clairville, 1806
  • Hydrotrupes Sharp, 1882
  • Hydrovatus Motschulsky, 1853
  • Hygrotus Stephens, 1828
  • Hyphoporus Sharp, 1882
  • Hyphovatus Wewalka & Biström, 1994
  • Hyphydrus Illiger, 1802
  • Hypodessus Guignot, 1939
  • Iberoporus Castro & Delgado, 2001
  • Ilybiosoma Crotch, 1873
  • Ilybius Erichson, 1832
  • Japanolaccophilus Satô, 1972
  • Kintingka Watts & Humphreys, 1999
  • Kuschelydrus Ordish, 1976
  • Laccodytes Régimbart, 1895
  • Lacconectus Motschulsky, 1855
  • Laccophilus Leach, 1815
  • Laccoporus J.Balfour-Browne, 1939
  • Laccornellus Roughley & Wolfe, 1987
  • Laccornis Gozis, 1914
  • Laccosternus Brancucci, 1983
  • Lancetes Sharp, 1882
  • Leiodytes Guignot, 1936
  • Leuronectes Sharp, 1882
  • Limbodessus Guignot, 1939
  • Liodessus Guignot, 1939
  • Lioporeus Guignot, 1950
  • Liopterus Dejean, 1833
  • Matus (genus) Aubé, 1836
  • Megadytes Sharp, 1882
  • Megaporus Brinck, 1943
  • Meladema Laporte, 1835
  • Melanodytes Seidlitz, 1887
  • Metaporus Guignot, 1945
  • Methles Sharp, 1882
  • Microdessus Young, 1967
  • Microdytes J.Balfour-Browne, 1946
  • Microhydrodytes K.B.Miller, 2002
  • Miodytiscus Wickham, 1911
  • Morimotoa Uéno, 1957
  • Napodytes Steiner, 1981
  • Nebrioporus Régimbart, 1906
  • Necterosoma W.J. Macleay, 1871
  • Neobidessus Young, 1967
  • Neoclypeodytes Young, 1967
  • Neoporus Guignot, 1931
  • Neoscutopterus J.Balfour-Browne, 1943
  • Neptosternus Sharp, 1882
  • Nirripirti Watts & Humphreys, 2001
  • Notaticus Zimmermann, 1928
  • Onychohydrus Schaum & White, 1847
  • Oreodytes Seidlitz, 1887
  • Pachydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Pachynectes Régimbart, 1903
  • Palaeodytes Ponomarenko, 1987
  • Papuadessus Balke, 2001
  • Papuadytes Balke, 1998
  • Paroster Sharp, 1882
  • Peschetius Guignot, 1942
  • Philaccolilus Guignot, 1937
  • Philaccolus Guignot, 1937
  • Philodytes J.Balfour-Browne, 1939
  • Phreatodessus Ordish, 1976
  • Platambus Thomson, 1859
  • Platydytes Biström, 1988
  • Platynectes Régimbart, 1879
  • Porhydrus Guignot, 1945
  • Primospes Sharp, 1882
  • Procoelambus Théobald, 1937
  • Prodaticus Sharp, 1882
  • Pseuduvarus Biström, 1988
  • Pteroporus Guignot, 1933
  • Queda (genus) Sharp, 1882
  • Regimbartina Chatanay, 1911
  • Rhantaticus Sharp, 1882
  • Rhantus Dejean, 1833
  • Rhithrodytes Bameul, 1989
  • Rugosus García, 2001
  • Sandracottus (genus) Sharp, 1882
  • Sanfilippodytes Franciscolo, 1979
  • Scarodytes Gozis, 1914
  • Schistomerus Palmer, 1957
  • Sekaliporus Watts, 1997
  • Senilites Brinck, 1948
  • Sharphydrus Omer-Cooper, 1958
  • Siamoporus Spangler, 1996
  • Siettitia Abeille de Perrin, 1904
  • Sinodytes Spangler, 1996
  • Spencerhydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Sternhydrus Brinck, 1945
  • Sternopriscus Sharp, 1882
  • Stictonectes Brinck, 1943
  • Stictotarsus Zimmermann, 1919
  • Stygoporus Larson & LaBonte, 1994
  • Suphrodytes Gozis, 1914
  • Tepuidessus Spangler, 1981
  • Terradessus Watts, 1982
  • Thermonectus Dejean, 1833
  • Tikoloshanes Omer-Cooper, 1956
  • Tiporus Watts, 1985
  • Trichonectes Guignot, 1941
  • Trogloguignotus Sanfilippo, 1958
  • Tyndallhydrus Sharp, 1882
  • Typhlodessus Brancucci, 1985
  • Uvarus Guignot, 1939
  • Vatellus Aubé, 1837
  • Yola (genus) Gozis, 1886
  • Yolina Guignot, 1936

參考文獻
  1. G.N. Foster; D.T. Bilton. . D.A. Yee (编). . 2014: 437–462. ISBN 978-94-017-9109-0.
  2. . [2015-05-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-21）.
  4. G.C. McGavin. . 2010: 86–87. ISBN 978-1-4053-4997-0.
  5. Nilsson, A.N. (PDF). University of Umeå. 2013 [10 April 2018]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-04-03）.
  6. Miller, Kelly; Bergsten, Johannes. . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3 October 2016: 20.
  7. De Foliart (2002), Jäch (2003), CSIRO (2004)
  8. Mortazavi et al. (2018) A new family of mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Raphignathina), highly specialized subelytral parasites of dytiscid water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Dytiscinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 695–749. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx113
  9. . Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University. [2012-05-07] （英语）.
  10. . TaiBIF. [2019-03-13] （中文（繁體）‎）.
  • 联邦科学与工业研究组织 (CSIRO) (2004): Water for a Healthy Country - Family Dytiscidae. Version of 2004-JUL-02. Retrieved 2008-AUG-04
  • De Foliart, Gene R. (2002): Chapter 26 - Eastern Asia: China, Japan, and other countries. In: The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibliographic Account in Progress.
  • Jäch, Manfred A. (2003): Fried water beetles Cantonese style. American Entomologist 49(1): 34-37. PDF fulltext
  • Larson, D.J., Alarie, Y., and Roughley, R.E. (2000): Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with emphasis on the fauna of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. ISBN 978-0-660-17967-4.

外部連結
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：龍蝨科
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