提升方法
提升方法(Boosting),是一种可以用来减小監督式學習中偏差的机器学习算法。面對的问题是邁可·肯斯(Michael Kearns)提出的:[1]一組“弱学习者”的集合能否生成一个“强学习者”?弱学习者一般是指一个分类器,它的结果只比随机分类好一点点;强学习者指分类器的结果非常接近真值。
提升算法
大多数提升算法包括由迭代使用弱学习分類器組成,並將其結果加入一個最終的成强学习分類器。加入的过程中,通常根据它们的分类准确率给予不同的权重。加和弱学习者之后,数据通常会被重新加权,来强化对之前分类错误数据点的分类。
一个经典的提升算法例子是AdaBoost。一些最近的例子包括LPBoost、TotalBoost、BrownBoost、MadaBoost及LogitBoost。许多提升方法可以在AnyBoost框架下解释为在函数空间利用一个凸的误差函数作梯度下降。
批评
2008年,谷歌的菲利普·隆(Phillip Long)與哥倫比亞大學的羅可·A·瑟維迪歐(Rocco A. Servedio)发表论文指出这些方法是有缺陷的:在训练集有错误的标记的情况下,一些提升算法雖會尝试提升这种样本点的正确率,但卻無法产生一个正确率大于1/2的模型。[2]
实现
- Orange, a free data mining software suite, module Orange.ensemble
- Weka is a machine learning set of tools that offers variate implementations of boosting algorithms like AdaBoost and LogitBoost
- R package GBM (Generalized Boosted Regression Models) implements extensions to Freund and Schapire's AdaBoost algorithm and Friedman's gradient boosting machine.
- jboost; AdaBoost, LogitBoost, RobustBoost, Boostexter and alternating decision trees
参考文献
腳註
- Michael Kearns (1988); Thoughts on Hypothesis Boosting, Unpublished manuscript (Machine Learning class project, December 1988)
- Philip M. Long, Rocco A. Servedio, "Random Classification Noise Defeats All Convex Potential Boosters"
其他參考資料
- Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire (1997); A Decision-Theoretic Generalization of On-line Learning and an Application to Boosting, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 55(1):119-139
- Robert E. Schapire and Yoram Singer (1999); Improved Boosting Algorithms Using Confidence-Rated Predictors, Machine Learning, 37(3):297-336
外部链接
- Robert E. Schapire (2003); The Boosting Approach to Machine Learning: An Overview, MSRI (Mathematical Sciences Research Institute) Workshop on Nonlinear Estimation and Classification
- An up-to-date collection of papers on boosting
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