斯瓦迪士核心詞列表

斯瓦迪士核心詞列表（）是美國語言學家莫里斯·斯瓦迪士在1940年代到1950年代提出的一個列表。他從統計學的角度用分析不同的語言（以印歐語系語言為主），從而得出一個約莫有200字的核心詞列表。他認為，基本上所有語言的詞彙都應該包含這二百多個詞語；而另一方面，只要認識這二百多個詞語，亦可以利用該種語言作最基本的溝通。

詞彙列表（汉英对照）

以下詳列斯瓦迪士所枚舉的207個核心詞：

n° 現代標準漢語 英語
English		 國際音標
1 我 I [aɪ]
2 你 you [juː]
3 他 he [hiː]
4 我們 we [wiː]
5 你們 you [juː]
6 他們 they [ðeɪ]
7 這 this [ðɪs]
8 那 that [ðæt]
9 這裡 here [hiə]
10 那裡 there [ðɛə]
11 誰 who [huː]
12 什麼 what [wɒt]
13 哪 where [wɛə]
14 何時 when [wen]
15 如何 how [haʊ]
16 不 not [nɒt]
17 所有 all [ɔːl]
18 多 many [ˈmeni]
19 一些 some [sʌm]
20 少 few [fjuː]
21 其他 other [ˈʌðə]
22 一 one [wʌn]
23 二 two [tuː]
24 三 three [θɹiː]
25 四 four [fɔː]
26 五 five [ˈfaɪv]
27 大 big [bɪɡ]
28 長 long [lɔŋ]
29 寬 wide [waɪd]
30 厚 thick [θɪk]
31 重 heavy [ˈhevi]
32 小 small [smɔːl]
33 短 short [ʃɔːt]
34 窄 narrow [ˈnæɹəʊ]
35 薄 thin [θɪn]
36 女 woman [ˈwʊmən]
37 男 man [mæn]
38 人 man, person [mæn], [ˈpɜːsn]
39 孩 child [ʧaɪld]
40 妻 wife [waɪf]
41 夫 husband [ˈhʌzbənd]
42 母 mother [ˈmʌðə]
43 父 father [ˈfɑːðə]
44 動物 animal [ˈænɪməl]
45 魚 fish [fɪʃ]
46 鳥 bird [bɜːd]
47 狗 dog [dɒɡ]
48 虱 louse [laʊs]
49 蛇 snake [sneɪk]
50 蟲 worm [wɜːm]
51 樹 tree [tɹiː]
52 森 forest [ˈfɒɹɪst]
53 枝 stick [stɪk]
54 果 fruit [fɹuːt]
55 種 seed [siːd]
56 葉 leaf [liːf]
57 根 root [ɹuːt]
58 樹皮 bark [bɑːk]
59 花 flower [ˈflaʊə]
60 草 grass [ɡɹaːs]
61 繩 rope [ɹəʊp]
62 膚 skin [skɪn]
63 肉 meat [miːt]
64 血 blood [blʌd]
65 骨 bone [bəʊn]
66 脂 fat [fæt]
67 蛋 egg [eɡ]
68 角 horn [hɔːn]
69 尾 tail [teɪl]
70 羽 feather [ˈfɛðə]
71 髮 hair [hɛə]
72 頭 head [hed]
73 耳 ear [ɪə]
74 眼 eye [aɪ]
75 鼻 nose [nəʊz]
76 口 mouth [maʊθ]
77 牙 tooth [tuːθ]
78 舌 tongue [tʌŋ]
79 指甲 fingernail [ˈfɪŋɡəneɪl]
80 腳 foot [fʊt]
81 腿 leg [leɡ]
82 膝 knee [niː]
83 手 hand [hænd]
84 翅 wing [wɪŋ]
85 腹 belly [ˈbelɪ]
86 腸 guts [gʌts]
87 頸 neck [nek]
88 背 back [bæk]
89 乳 breast [bɹest]
90 心 heart [hɑːt]
91 肝 liver [ˈlɪvə]
92 喝 to drink [dɹɪŋk]
93 吃 to eat [iːt]
94 咬 to bite [baɪt]
95 吸 to suck [sʌk]
96 吐 to spit [spɪt]
97 嘔 to vomit [ˈvɒmɪt]
98 吹 to blow [bləʊ]
99 呼吸 to breathe [bɹiːð]
100 笑 to laugh [laːf]
101 看 to see [siː]
102 聽 to hear [hiə]
103 知 to know [nəʊ]
104 想 to think [θɪŋk]
105 嗅 to smell [smel]
106 怕 to fear [fɪə]
107 睡 to sleep [sliːp]
108 住 to live [lɪv]
109 死 to die [daɪ]
110 殺 to kill [kɪl]
111 鬥 to fight [faɪt]
112 獵 to hunt [hʌnt]
113 擊 to hit [hɪt]
114 切 to cut [kʌt]
115 分 to split [splɪt]
116 刺 to stab [stæb]
117 撓 to scratch [skɹæʧ]
118 挖 to dig [dɪɡ]
119 游 to swim [swɪm]
120 飛 to fly [flaɪ]
121 走 to walk [wɔːk]
122 來 to come [kʌm]
123 躺 to lie down (action), to lie (état) [laɪ] [daʊn], [laɪ]
124 坐 to sit down (action), to sit (état) [sɪt] [daʊn], [sɪt]
125 站 to stand up (action), to stand (état) [stænd] [ʌp], [stænd]
126 轉 to turn [tɜːn]
127 落 to fall [fɔːl]
128 給 to give [ɡɪv]
129 拿 to hold [həʊld]
130 擠 to squeeze [skwiːz]
131 磨 to rub [ɹʌb]
132 洗 to wash [wɒʃ]
133 擦 to wipe [waɪp]
134 拉 to pull [pʊl]
135 推 to push [pʊʃ]
136 扔 to throw [θɹəʊ]
137 繫 to tie [taɪ]
138 縫 to sew [səʊ]
139 計 to count [kaʊnt]
140 說 to say [seɪ]
141 唱 to sing [sɪŋ]
142 玩 to play [pleɪ]
143 浮 to float [fləʊt]
144 流 to flow [fləʊ]
145 凍 to freeze [fɹiːz]
146 腫 to swell [swel]
147 日 sun [sʌn]
148 月 moon [muːn]
149 星 star [stɑː]
150 水 water [ˈwɔːtə]
151 雨 rain [ɹeɪn]
152 河 river [ˈɹɪvə]
153 湖 lake [leɪk]
154 海 sea [siː]
155 鹽 salt [sɔːlt]
156 石 stone [stəʊn]
157 沙 sand [sænd]
158 塵 dust [dʌst]
159 地 earth [ɜːθ]
160 雲 cloud [klaʊd]
161 霧 fog [fɒɡ]
162 天 sky [skaɪ]
163 風 wind [wɪnd]
164 雪 snow [snəʊ]
165 冰 ice [aɪs]
166 煙 smoke [sməʊk]
167 火 fire [faɪə]
168 灰 ashes [ˈæʃɪz]
169 燒 to burn [bɜːn]
170 路 road [ɹəʊd]
171 山 mountain [ˈmaʊntɪn]
172 紅 red [ɹed]
173 綠 green [ɡɹiːn]
174 黃 yellow [ˈjeləʊ]
175 白 white [waɪt]
176 黑 black [blæk]
177 夜 night [naɪt]
178 晝 day [deɪ]
179 年 year [jiə]
180 暖 warm [wɔːm]
181 冷 cold [kəʊld]
182 滿 full [fʊl]
183 新 new [njuː]
184 舊 old [əʊld]
185 好 good [ɡʊd]
186 壞 bad [bæd]
187 腐 rotten [ˈɹɒtn]
188 髒 dirty [ˈdɜːtɪ]
189 直 straight [stɹeɪt]
190 圓 round [ɹaʊnd]
191 尖 sharp [ʃɑːp]
192 鈍 dull, blunt [dʌl], [blʌnt]
193 滑 smooth [smuːð]
194 濕 wet [wet]
195 乾 dry [dɹaɪ]
196 對 correct [kəˈɹekt]
197 近 near [nɪə]
198 遠 far [fɑː]
199 右 right [ɹaɪt]
200 左 left [left]
201 在 at [æt]
202 裡 in [ɪn]
203 與 with [wɪð]
204 和 and [ænd]
205 若 if [ɪf]
206 因 because [bɪˈkɒz]
207 名 name [neɪm]

參看

參考文獻
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1998). Historical linguistics; An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Embleton, Sheila (1995). Review of ‘An Indo-European classification: A lexicostatistical experiment’ by I. Dyen; J.B. Kruskal & P.Black. TAPS Monograph 82-5, Philadelphia. in Diachronica 12-2/1992:263-68.
  • Gray, Russell D.; & Atkinson, Quentin D. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature, 426.
  • Gudschinsky, Sarah. (1956). The ABC's of lexicostatistics (glottochronology). Word, 12, 175-210.
  • Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Lexicostatistics: A critique. Language, 32, 49-60.
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1950). Salish internal relationships. International Journal of American Linguistics, 16, 157-167.
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1952). Lexicostatistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 96, 452-463.
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1955). Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics, 21, 121-137.
  • Swadesh, Morris (1972). What is glottochronology? In M. Swadesh, The origin and diversification of languages (pp. 271–284). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

外部連結

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