法语动词变位

该动词在变位时词干会发生变化。未完成过去时变为av- /av/；虚拟式现在时变为ai- /ɛ/；将来时和条件式变为aur- /oʁ/；简单和虚拟式过去时变为e- （不发音： eus，eusse分别读成/y/和/ys/）。 尽管词干会改变，但这些时态的变化也常被归类为规则的 -oir 动词.

在现在时中，不仅词干会变化，时态变化也是不规则的：

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式：

• 不定式：avoir /avwaʁ/
• 现在分词：ayant /ejɑ̃/
• 动名词：en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
• 动词性形容词：ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
• 过去分词：eu(e)(s) /y/

助动词：avoir

该动词在变位时词干会发生变化，读音也有所不同：未完成过去时变为ét- /et/；虚拟式现在时变为soi- /swa/；将来时和条件式变为ser- /səʁ/；简单和虚拟式过去时变为/f/。涉及时态变化的均为-oir词尾的常规动词（也就是说是-re形式动词，但在f-形式下带有元音u /y/）。例如，虚拟式soyons, soyez发音时带有其他-re和-oir动词的y音（/swajɔ̃, swaje/）。

在一般现在时中，不仅词干变化，词缀也会发生不规则变化：

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式使用词干êt-/ɛt/（用在辅音之前）/ét- /et/（用在元音之前）：

• 不定式：être
• 现在分词：étant
• 动名词：en étant
• 动词性形容词：étant(e)(s)
• 过去分词：été

助动词：avoir

非限定動詞形式：

• 不定式：parl-er /paʁle/
• 現在分詞：parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
• 動名詞： en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
• 動詞性形容詞：parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
• 過去分詞： parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/

助動詞：avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 與 tomber 使用 être)

特殊情况：

• 直陈式或虚拟式第一人称单数一般现在时采用倒装形式时，其词尾的e须变成é（一般用法）或è（现代修正用法），连接两个词，例如：« Parlè-je ? »（/paʁlɛʒ/），“我可以讲话了吗？”（不过这个结构非常少见）。
• 命令式第二人称单数后跟宾语y或en饰，其词尾须加s，例如：« Parles-en ! »（[paʁlzɑ̃]），“讲讲！”

特殊动词：

• 动词aller尽管以-er结尾，但属于第三组不规则动词。
• 以-cer结尾的动词，在a或o开头词尾前的c须变成ç，表示该词仍发/s/音（je déplace - nous déplaçons)；类似地，以-ger结尾的动词，在类似的词尾前的g须变成ge，表示该词仍发/ʒ/音（je mange - nous mangeons）。
• 以-oyer和-uyer结尾的动词，在哑音e开头词尾前的y须变成i（nous envoyons - j'envoie）；在-ayer结尾的动词中，类似词尾前的y可选择变成i（je paye - je paie）。另外，未来时和条件式的envoyer以enverr-开头，而不是envoyer-，类似于renvoyer。
• 以-é.er结尾的动词，哑音结尾前的é'变成è，未来时和条件式可变可不变。
• 其他大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的-e.er动词，哑音e开头词尾前的e变成è（含未来时和条件式结尾）。例如：peler（剥皮）-> je pèle（现在时）/ je pèlerai（未来时）/ je pèlerais（条件式）。
• 大多数以-eler和-eter结尾的动词，哑音e开头词尾前e变成è，或将l或t变成ll活tt。该形式的其他动词仅允许存在一种或其他形式。例如：appeler（呼唤）-> j'appelle（现在时） / j'appellerai（未来时） / j'appellerais（条件式）。
• 下列动词的形容词形式的变化不规则：adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s)。

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
• Present participle: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
• Gerundive: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
• Verbal adjective: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
• Past participle: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)

haïr

The verb haïr loses its diaeresis in the singular of the simple present tense (the i loses its trema, reflecting the pronunciation of the initial syllable as a single vowel /ɛ/ rather than the hiatus /ai/): je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait but nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais is as usual used for the imperative. In all other forms, the root is /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-). Another conjugation is used in Quebec French that keeps the two syllables stem with the hiatus /ai/, and therefore the diaeresis for all the paradigm: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. Note that the h of haïr is mute in Quebec French, hence the elision for j'haïs /ʒai/ compared to European French je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.

Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.

¹ The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
• Present participle: 1P-ant
• Gerundive: en 1P-ant
• Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
• Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

¹ Only in Quebec French

² The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

³ Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.

The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: recevoir
• Present participle: recevant
• Gerundive: en recevant
• Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
• Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.

Non-finite forms:

• Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
• Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
• Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
• Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
• Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:

• Infinitive: aller
• Present participle: allant
• Gerundive: en allant
• Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
• Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

¹ In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.