海達語

海達語()是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納－德內語系，該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，詳見參考文獻列表）的支持；然而，今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一个孤立语言。[2] 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納－德內語系和北亚（中西伯利亞）的叶尼塞语系同源並構成德內－葉尼塞語門，[3]却没有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。

海達語
母语国家和地区加拿大 (夏洛特皇后群岛), 阿拉斯加州 (威爾士親王島_(阿拉斯加州))
族群海達人
母语使用人数20多人（2019年）
語系
文字拉丁字母
官方地位
作为官方语言 海達民族委員會
管理机构無官方機構
語言代碼
ISO 639-2hai
ISO 639-3hai——囊括代码
各项代码：
hdn－北海達語
hax－南海達語
歐洲殖民前的海達語分佈
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[1]
（UNESCO）

大约100年前，全體海達族都使用海達語，[4]但今天海達語却是極度瀕危語言，只有20個人在使用，[5] 而其幾乎都是老人家。[6][7]

書寫系統

海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（）提出的恩里科系統，用來書寫南海達語；在美國常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族語言中心（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系統，用來書寫北海達語。

  • ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音[t͡ʃ]（英語的）和[ts]（漢語拼音的c）。
  • 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字（儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言），它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射，使得在兩种方言中發音相同的詞有著不同的寫法，而寫法相同的詞有著不同的發音。[8]

此外還有一個不常用的系統，由John R. Swanton給出。[8]它更像是基於语音的，而不像是基於音位的。

註釋
  1. UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
  2. Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. . Island Press. 1997: 257. ISBN 1559634804.
  3. . [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）.
  4. . [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-13）.
  5. . [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.
  6. . [2008-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-08）.
  7. . [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）.
  8. . [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-05）.

參考文獻
  • Enrico, John; Stuart, Wendy Bross. . University of Nebraska Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8032-1816-8.
  • Enrico, John. . University of Nebraska Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8032-1822-2.
  • Enrico, John. . Anthopological Linguistics. 2004, 46 (3): 229–302.
  • Lawrence, Erma. . Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 1977.
  • Mithun, Marianne. . Cambridge University Press. 2001. ISBN 052129875X.
  • Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. . Island Press. 1997. ISBN 1-55963-480-4.

延伸閱讀
  1. Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
  2. Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
  3. Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
  4. Dawson, George M. . Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1880 [2012-08-26].
  5. Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
  6. Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
  7. Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
  8. Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
  9. Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  10. Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
  11. Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  12. Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
  13. Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
  14. Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  15. Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
  16. Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
  17. Harrison, Charles; Royal Society of Canada. . Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1895 [2012-08-26].
  18. Hibben & Carswell. . Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1865 [2012-08-26].
  19. Keen, John Henry. . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1906 [2012-08-26].
  20. Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
  21. Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
  22. Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
  23. Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
  24. Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
  25. Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
  26. Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
  27. Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
  28. Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
  29. Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
  30. Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
  31. Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

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