硬通货
，或作（英語：或）指保值货币。保证一种货币足够“硬”的因素有多种，其中包括政治稳定、低通货膨胀、稳定的货币政策和财政政策、有足够的贵金属储备支持、以及同其他货币比价长期保持稳定或攀升。
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_per_capita_in_2019.svg.png.webp) 各国人均国内生产总值地圖（2019年） |
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硬通货在不同时期的种类不同。古代的硬通货一般是黃金、白银等貴金屬製成的貨幣。
在一些经济体中，尤其是较为封闭的计划经济经济体或货币较为疲软的经济体中，一些商店可能会只接受硬通货交易。
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 美元 | 71.0% | 70.5% | 70.7% | 66.5% | 65.8% | 66.0% | 66.4% | 65.7% | 64.1% | 64.1% | 62.1% | 61.8% | 62.3% | 61.1% | 61.0% | 63.1% | 64.0% | 64.0% | 62.72% | 61.74% | 60.89% |
| 欧元 | 17.9% | 18.8% | 19.8% | 24.2% | 25.3% | 24.9% | 24.3% | 25.2% | 26.3% | 26.4% | 27.6% | 26.0% | 24.7% | 24.3% | 24.4% | 22.1% | 20.3% | 19.7% | 20.16% | 20.67% | 20.54% |
| 人民币 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.07% | 1.23% | 1.89% | 1.96% |
| 英镑 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 4.2% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 4.0% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.7% | 4.4% | |||
| 日圓 | 6.4% | 6.3% | 5.2% | 4.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 3.6% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 4.2% | |||
| 加拿大元 | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.0% | ||||||||||||||||
| 澳大利亚元 | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | ||||||||||||||||
| 瑞士法郎 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | |||
| 其他 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 4.4% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 3.2% | 2.5% | |||
| 資料來源:[1][2][3][4] | |||||||||||||||||||||
参见
参考文献
- (便携式文档格式), Frankfurt am Main: 欧洲中央银行, December 2005, ISSN 1725-2210; ISSN 1725-6593 (online).
- For 1995–99, 2006–15: . Washington, DC: 國際貨幣基金組織. January 3, 2013.
- For 1999–2005: International Relations Committee Task Force on Accumulation of Foreign Reserves, (便携式文档格式), Occasional Paper Series, Nr. 43, Frankfurt am Main: 欧洲中央银行, February 2006, ISSN 1607-1484; ISSN 1725-6534 (online).
- For 2016:. Washington, DC: 國際貨幣基金組織. March 31, 2017.
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