葡萄牙殖民地戰爭
葡萄牙殖民地戰爭(葡萄牙語:),是指1961年至1974年間葡萄牙對其殖民地葡屬西非、葡屬幾內亞及葡屬東非發起的一場戰爭。第二次世界大戰結束後,很多歐洲國家紛紛自願或被迫放棄其殖民地,但當時葡萄牙總理安東尼奧·德·奧利維拉·薩拉查領導的極右派政權卻拒絕放棄其殖民地,因此葡萄牙仍維持著龐大的殖民帝國。葡萄牙嘗試抵抗殖民地內部發起的去殖民化浪潮,並因此爆發了葡萄牙殖民地戰爭。1974年4月25日,葡萄牙發生康乃馨革命,該戰爭亦隨新國家體制終結而結束。
葡萄牙殖民地戰爭 | |||||||||
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冷戰與非洲的非殖民化的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
葡萄牙:
葡屬西非:
葡屬幾內亞:
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安哥拉:
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兵力 | |||||||||
148,000名葡萄牙正規軍人
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38,000-43,000名游擊隊員
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伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
8,289人死亡 15,507人受傷 |
葡屬西非:50,000人死亡 葡屬幾內亞:~6,000人死亡、~4,000人受傷 葡屬東非:超過10,000人死亡 | ||||||||
平民傷亡: 葡屬東非:50,000人死亡[26] |
历史系列条目 |
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葡萄牙历史 |
古代历史
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近代历史
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現代历史
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葡萄牙历史年表 |
在整個戰爭期間,葡萄牙面臨越來越多的異議,武器禁運和國際社會大多數的其他徵收懲罰性制裁。到了1973年,由於戰爭的長度和財務費用,葡萄牙與其他聯合國會員國的外交關係不斷惡化,變得越來越不受歡迎。康乃馨革命后,葡萄牙政府正式宣布放弃所有海外殖民地。
結果及影響
康乃馨革命發生後,葡萄牙新政府宣布去殖民化。葡萄牙曾據有的殖民地,如非洲的安哥拉和莫桑比克等地,葡萄牙殖民政府與駐軍也連帶撤出,造成非洲前葡屬殖民地一獨立就陷入權力真空,各派系與被捲入的周遭鄰國爆發了內戰。尤其是安哥拉內戰,交戰雙方分別獲得古巴和南非的支持,一度加劇了內戰情勢。
參考
- A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 2nd Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP)
- Portugal since 1974, Britannica
- Mia Couto, Carnation revolution 页面存档备份,存于, Monde Diplomatique
- A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 1st Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP
- Mia Couto, Carnation revolution 页面存档备份,存于, Monde Diplomatique
- Salazar: A Political Biography, 2009. Page 530
- Prominent African Leaders Since Independence, 2012. Page 383
- FNLA - um movimento em permanente letargia, guerracolonial.org (葡萄牙文)
- Angola-Ascendancy of the MPLA
- Mozambique: Frelimo and the War of Liberation, 1962-1975 的存檔,存档日期2015-03-24.
- A History of FRELIMO, 1982. Page 13
- Encyclopedia Americana: Sumatra to Trampoline, 2005. Page 275
- Contested Power in Angola: 1840s to the Present, 2000. Page 167
- Culture And Customs of Mozambique, 2007. Page 16
- Warfare in Independent Africa, 2011. Page 70
- Libya Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa
- Qaddafi: his ideology in theory and practice, 1986. Page 140
- Violence in Southern Africa, 1997. Page 10.
- Mozambique, Resistance and Freedom: A Case for Reassessment, 1994. Page 64
- Tito in the world press on the occasion of the 80th birthday, 1973. Page 33
- Liberalism, Black Power, and the Making of American Politics, 1965-1980. 2009. Page 83
- Portuguese Africa: a handbook, 1969. Page 423
- University of Michigan. Southern Africa: The Escalation of a Conflict, 1976. Page 99.
- War in Peace: Conventional and Guerrilla Warfare Since 1945. 1985. Page 154
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/174815?seq=1
- Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century 页面存档备份,存于 retrieved December 4, 2007
書目
- Kaúlza de Arriaga - Published works of the General Kaúlza de Arriaga
- Ian Becket et all., A Guerra no Mundo, Guerras e Guerrilhas desde 1945, Lisboa, Verbo, 1983
- A. H. de Oliveira Marques, História de Portugal, 6ª ed., Lisboa, Palas Editora, Vol. III, 1981
- José Mattoso, História Contemporânea de Portugal, Lisboa, Amigos do Livro, 1985, «Estado Novo», Vol. II e «25 de Abril», vol. único
- Mattoso, José, História de Portugal, Lisboa, Ediclube, 1993, vols. XIII e XIV
- Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa, Abacus, 1991 ISBN 0-349-10449-2
- António Reis, Portugal Contemporâneo, Lisboa, Alfa, Vol. V, 1989;
- Fernando Rosas e Brito, J. M. Brandão, Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, Venda Nova, Bertrand Editora, 2 vols. 1996
- Vários autores, Guerra Colonial, edição do Diário de Notícias
- Jornal do Exército, Lisboa, Estado-Maior do Exército
- Cann, John P, Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974, Hailer Publishing, 2005
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