蒎烯

自然界存在α-蒎烯β-蒎烯,它们之间属双键的位置异构。这两种蒎烯是松节油的主要成分(蒎烯英文名即出自松树),也存在于其它松柏門植物中。在针叶植物以外的种类中也发现其存在,比如一种菊科植物Heterotheca[3]以及大鼠尾草(三齿蒿)。

蒎烯
IUPAC名
(1S,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
(1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
识别
CAS号 80-56-8(来源未指明)  
7785-26-4(1S-α)  N
7785-70-8(1R-α)  N
2437-95-8((±)-α)  N
18172-67-3(β)  N
性质
化学式 C10H16
摩尔质量 136.24 g·mol¹
外观 液体
密度 0.86 g·cm−3 (α, 15 °C)[1][2]
熔点 -62 ~ -55 °C
沸点 155 ~ 156 °C
溶解性 几乎不溶于水
若非注明,所有数据均出自一般条件(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

蒎烯Pinene)是一类具有相同骨架结构的天然有机化合物,属于双环单,分子式C10H16

异构体

键线式
透视图
X
X
球棒模型
X
X
名称
(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯
(1S)-(−)-α-蒎烯
(1R)-(+)-β-蒎烯
(1S)-(−)-β-蒎烯
CAS号
7785-70-8
7785-26-4
19902-08-0
18172-67-3

生物合成

生物体内,α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯都是由香叶基焦磷酸酯转化生成的。反应机理经过酯基异构化,首先得芳樟醇焦磷酸酯,接着环化重排,然后从碳正离子失去一个质子得到产物。

Biosynthesis of pinene from geranyl pyrophosphate

分布

α-蒎烯是自然界中最广泛分布的萜烯之一,[4]具有强烈的驱虫性。[5]

α-蒎烯主要存在于针叶树等植物。[6]也是毒马草属鼠尾草属植物精油的主要成分。[7][8]大麻属也含α-蒎烯。[6] 产松节油的笃耨黄连木富含蒎烯。松子中也存在。[6]

箭叶橙的果皮精油主要成分为柠烯和β-蒎烯。[9]

应用

化学工业上,蒎烯的催化氧化得到各种人工香料,如马鞭烯酮等。[10]

Pinene left verbenone right

参考资料

  1. Record of alpha-Pinen in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA, accessed on 07-January-2016
  2. Record of beta-Pinen in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA, accessed on 07-January-2016
  3. Lincoln, D.E., B.M. Lawrence. 1984. The volatile constituents of camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris. Phytochemistry 23(4):933-934
  4. Noma Y, Asakawa Y (2010). Biotransformation of monoterpenoids by microorganisms, insects, and mammals. In: Baser KHC, Buchbauer G (eds). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 585–736.
  5. Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E. . Bioresour Technol. 2010, 101 (1): 372–378. PMID 19729299. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048.
  6. Russo, E. B. . British Journal of Pharmacology. 2011, 163 (7): 1344–1364. PMC 3165946. PMID 21749363. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.
  7. Kose EO, Deniz IG, Sarikurkcu C, Aktas O, Yavuz M (2010). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. and Heldr. (var. erythrantha and var. cedretorum P.H. Davis) endemic in Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 48: 2960–2965.
  8. Ozek G, Demirci F, Ozek T, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Khan SI et al. (2010). Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity. J Chromatog 1217: 741–748.
  9. Kasuan, Nurhani. (PDF). Malyasian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 2013, 17 (3): 359–369.
  10. U. Neuenschwander, Mechanism of the Aerobic Oxidation of α-Pinene, ChemSusChem. 2010, 3 (1): pp. 75–84, doi:10.1002/cssc.200900228 (德文)
  • Mann, J.; Davidson, R. S.; Hobbs, J. B.; Banthorpe, D. V.; Harborne, J. B. . Harlow, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. 1994: 309–311. ISBN 0-582-06009-5.
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