蝾螺科
蝾螺科(學名:)是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一個科[1]。舊屬原始腹足目,現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科[2]。
蠑螺科 | |
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Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
纲: | 腹足纲 Gastropoda |
亚纲: | 古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda |
目: | 鐘螺目 Trochida |
总科: | 鐘螺總科 Trochoidea |
科: | 蠑螺科 Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
屬與種 | |
本科在2005年的分類很龐大,包含多個亞科與物種[3],但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來,組成各自的科與總科,到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下[2]。
型態特徵
本科物種的一大特徵,是其鈣質的口蓋,使之與非常近似但有着角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造,得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。
贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋,以热带水域为多,栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。
分佈及棲息地
按照Williams et al. (2008),蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成,而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息[4]。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍,從熱帶到極帶均有分佈,但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。
分類
蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而,這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於2.98億到2.50億年前的二疊紀[5]。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始的特徵,例如:牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。
2005年分類
根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年),蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員,由下列八個亞科組成[3]:
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- 海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857[6]:又名棘冠螺亞科,Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亞科的異名。
- 縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917[7][6]
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990:異名: Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),拼寫錯誤。[8]
- 篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851[6]:Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亞科的異名。
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008年分類
根據Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果,蠑螺科被重新定義,還被移到鐘螺總科[4]。與此同時,原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級,成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科(Angariidae);而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科(Colloniidae)之餘,再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科(Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840)[4];Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae[4]。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科[4]:
- 蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815:異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
- Margaritinae [9]:根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年),這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971:獲提升至科級成為Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
下列在2005年分類提及過的亞科都保留了:
屬
現時本科包括以下各屬:
- 不屬於任何亞科:
- Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
- Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
- 蠑螺亞科(Turbininae)[12]
- Astraea Röding, 1798
- 星螺屬 Astralium Link, 1807
- Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- 擬星螺屬 Bolma Risso, 1826
- Cookia Lesson, 1832
- 刺螺屬 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
- Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- 珠螺屬 Lunella Röding, 1798
- Megastraea McLean, 1970[13]
- Modelia Gray, 1850
- Pomaulax Gray, 1850
- Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
- 蠑螺屬 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758:模式屬
- Uvanilla Gray, 1850
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- Prisogaster Mörch, 1850[8]
- 異名:
- Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
- Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
- Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
- Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
- Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
- Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
- Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
- † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
- Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
- Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
- † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
参考文献
- Bouchet, P. . World Register of Marine Species.
- Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. . Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 (英语).
- Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P. , 编. . Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
- Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x (英语).
- Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
- 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编;董正之编著 (编). . 无脊椎动物 第29卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 原始腹足目 马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. (原始内容存档于2018-10-03) (中文(简体)).
- Gofas, S. . World Register of Marine Species. 2009 [2010-04-19].
- . National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19].
- WoRMS. . World Register of Marine Species. [2018-03-13].
- Gofas, S. . World Register of Marine Species. [2018-03-13].
- Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. . G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). . Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 (英语).
- Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
- Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
- Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 (英语).