鉤恙蟎屬

鈎恙蟎屬
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	蛛形纲 Arachnida
目：	恙蟎目 Trombidiformes
科：	恙蟎科 Trombiculidae
亚科：	恙蟎亞科 Trombiculinae
属：	鈎恙蟎屬 Leptotrombidium; Nagayo et al., 1916

鉤恙蟎屬（學名：；(/ˌlɛptoʊtrɒmˈbɪdiəm/[1]），又名纤恙螨属[2]，是蛛形綱蜱蟎亞綱蟎形總目恙蟎目恙蟎總科恙蟎科之下的一個屬，可透過叮咬人類而令人類感染恙蟲東方體（O. tsutsugamushi）而患上恙蟲病（亦作叢林斑疹傷寒）[3]。鉤恙蟎屬的幼虫主要宿主是啮齿类，但有时也能寄生于人类或其他大型哺乳类动物中。

過往曾以為啮齿类動物是恙蟲東方體的宿主，而恙蟎只是感染的载体[4][5]，但現時我們知道恙蟎一生只會進食一次，這使病原從啮齿类動物傳播至人類這種假設不可能，因為恙蟎要達成載體的話，需要先後嚙咬鼠隻取得病原、然後再嚙咬人類以將病原傳給人類[6]。所以病菌只可能一開始就已在恙蟎的體內，透過產卵的過程從母體傳染給蟎的蟲卵[7][8][9]。所以鉤恙蟎屬物種同時是

已隱藏部分未翻譯部分，歡迎參與翻譯。

Leptotrombidium mites are therefore both vector and reservoir for O. tsutsugamushi.[6] The infection predominantly affects female mites,[10] and does not appear to otherwise harm the mites.

Life history

The larva is pale orange in colour and feeds on liquified skin tissue, not blood, as their mouth parts (chelicerae) are too short to reach the blood vessels.[11] They have 3 pairs of legs. The larvae most commonly target rodents, but will also attach to humans.[6] For humans, the bite is painless, but pain commonly develops only after the larva detaches from the skin, leaving a red papule that may then develop into an eschar.[12]

The larval stage lasts for 1 to 2 weeks. After feeding, the larvae drop to the ground and become nymphs. Nymph is brick-red in colour and has 4 pairs of legs. Nymphal stage lasts for 1 to 3 weeks. Nymphs mature into adults which have 4 pairs of legs, first pair being the largest. They are harmless to humans. In the post larval stage, they are not parasitic and feed on plant materials.[13]

雌蟲每次產卵只產一枚，約需一星期孵化。成蟲壽命約六個月。

物種

以下詳列本屬物種：

L. akamushi：日本特有種，and is the reservoir for the Kato serotype of Orientia tsutsugamushi;[3]
纖恙蟎（L. deliense）：是華南[14]及泰國[15]的主要病毒載體。it is also endemic to Litchfield Park, in the Northern Territory, Australia, where is carries the Litchfield serotype.[16]
L. pallidum is endemic to Japan and is the reservoir for Karp and Gilliam serotypes;[3][17]
小盾纤恙螨 L. scutellare[2]：原生於日本，是 endemic to Japan and is the reservoir for Kawasaki and Kuroki serotypes.[3][17]，肾综合征出血热（, HFRS）的載體[2]。

參考文獻

. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. [2016-01-23].
张云; 朱进; 邓小昭; 吴光华; 张家驹; 周燕萍. (PDF). 中华预防医学杂志. 2002-07, 36 (4) [2019-11-08] （中文（简体）‎）.
. Byogen Biseibutsu Kenshutsu Joho Geppo. 2001, 22: 211–212.
Philip CB. . J Parasitol. 1948, 34 (3): 169–191. JSTOR 3273264. doi:10.2307/3273264.
Fox JP. . J Immunol. 1948, 59 (2): 109–114.
Pham XD, Suzuki H, Takaoka H. . Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32 (3): 553–57. PMID 11944716.
Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL. . Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975, 266: 80–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35090.x.
Takahashi M, Murata M, Nogami S, Hori E, Kawamura A, Tanaka H. . Jpn J Exp Med. 1988, 58: 213–218.
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D. . J Med Entomol. 2001, 38 (1): 17–21. PMID 11268685. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.17 （英语）.
Roberts LW, Rapmund G, Gadigan FG. . J Med Entomol. 1977, 14 (1): 89–92.
Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, 等. . J Med Entomol. 1975, 12 (3): 345–348.
Kitaoka M, Asanuma K, Otsuji J. . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974, 23 (5): 993–9. PMID 4451238.
Takahashi M, Misumi H, Urakami H, 等. . Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo. 2003, 45: 19–30.
Wang S, Jiang P, Huang J, 等. (PDF). The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2001, 32 (3): 541–46 [2016-05-30]. PMID 11944714. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18）.
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ. . J Med Entomol. 1999, 36 (6): 869–874. PMID 10593093.
Odorico DM, Graves SR, Currie B, 等. . Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4 (4): 641–4 [2016-05-30]. PMC 2640248. PMID 9866742. doi:10.3201/eid0404.980416. （原始内容存档于2010-05-29）.
Kawamori F, Akiyama M, Sugieda M, 等. . J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 30 (11): 2842–2846. PMC 270539. PMID 1452653.

外部連結

維基物種中有關鉤恙蟎屬的數據

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[1] . Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. [2016-01-23].

[Zhang_et_al_2002-2] 张云; 朱进; 邓小昭; 吴光华; 张家驹; 周燕萍. (PDF). 中华预防医学杂志. 2002-07, 36 (4) [2019-11-08] （中文（简体）‎）.

[IASR-3] . Byogen Biseibutsu Kenshutsu Joho Geppo. 2001, 22: 211–212.

[4] Philip CB. . J Parasitol. 1948, 34 (3): 169–191. JSTOR 3273264. doi:10.2307/3273264.

[5] Fox JP. . J Immunol. 1948, 59 (2): 109–114.

[Pham-6] Pham XD, Suzuki H, Takaoka H. . Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32 (3): 553–57. PMID 11944716.

[7] Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL. . Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975, 266: 80–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35090.x.

[8] Takahashi M, Murata M, Nogami S, Hori E, Kawamura A, Tanaka H. . Jpn J Exp Med. 1988, 58: 213–218.

[9] Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D. . J Med Entomol. 2001, 38 (1): 17–21. PMID 11268685. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.17 （英语）.

[10] Roberts LW, Rapmund G, Gadigan FG. . J Med Entomol. 1977, 14 (1): 89–92.

[11] Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, 等. . J Med Entomol. 1975, 12 (3): 345–348.

[12] Kitaoka M, Asanuma K, Otsuji J. . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974, 23 (5): 993–9. PMID 4451238.

[13] Takahashi M, Misumi H, Urakami H, 等. . Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo. 2003, 45: 19–30.

[14] Wang S, Jiang P, Huang J, 等. (PDF). The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2001, 32 (3): 541–46 [2016-05-30]. PMID 11944714. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18）.

[15] Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ. . J Med Entomol. 1999, 36 (6): 869–874. PMID 10593093.

[16] Odorico DM, Graves SR, Currie B, 等. . Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4 (4): 641–4 [2016-05-30]. PMC 2640248. PMID 9866742. doi:10.3201/eid0404.980416. （原始内容存档于2010-05-29）.

[Kawamori-17] Kawamori F, Akiyama M, Sugieda M, 等. . J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 30 (11): 2842–2846. PMC 270539. PMID 1452653.