霸權
歷史
古代
在公元前5世纪欧洲古典時代的希腊罗马世界中,城市国家斯巴达是伯罗奔尼撒联盟(公元前6至4世纪)的霸主;马其顿国王腓力二世是公元前337年科林斯同盟的霸主(他將王权傳給他的儿子亚历山大大帝);雅典是提洛同盟(公元前478-404年)的霸主。[1]如色诺芬和埃福羅斯等古代历史学家首先使用具有现代意义的「霸主」一詞。[2]
在古代東亞,中國春秋時期(公元前770 - 480年)東周弱化的統治導致春秋五霸在中國具有霸權。春秋五霸是由封建領主的會盟任命,因此在名義上有義務維護周朝對下屬國家的權威。[3]
羅馬皇帝奧古斯都以一系列的軍事行動結束羅馬共和內戰,繼而以既有疆界為基礎對外擴張至有天然屏障的地區建立國界,使羅馬的國家組織由變動劇烈的發展轉向穩定,在歐亞非環地中海區域開創羅馬治世的霸權,奠定歐洲、北非、美索不達米亞和黎凡特於公元1、2世紀的和平與繁榮。[4]
從7世紀到12世紀,倭马亚王朝和後來的阿拔斯王朝統治廣大領土,如拜占庭帝國等其他國家對其進貢。[5]
在7世紀印度,印度北部一個大帝國的統治者戒日王從公元606年至公元647年在印度北部大部分地區擁有霸權。 他沒有以中央政府的方式統治,而是將被征服的國王留在他們的寶座上,要求他們進貢和致敬。[6]
從9世紀末到11世紀初,查理曼帝國在歐洲的法國,意大利和勃艮第占主導地位,實現霸權。[7]
参考文献
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Greeks, Romans, and barbarians (from Europe, history of)": "Fusions of power occurred in the shape of leagues of cities, such as the Peloponnesian League, the Delian League, and the Boeotian League. The efficacy of these leagues depended chiefly upon the hegemony of a leading city (Sparta, Athens, or Thebes)"
- Wickersham, JM., Hegemony and Greek Historians, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, p. x.
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ch'i": "As a result, Ch'i began to dominate most of China proper; in 651 BC it formed the little states of the area into a league, which was successful in staving off invasions from the semibarbarian regimes to the north and south. Although Ch'i thus gained hegemony over China, its rule was short-lived; after Duke Huan's death, internal disorders caused it to lose the leadership of the new confederation"
- Parchami, A., Hegemonic Peace and Empire: The Pax Romana, Britannica and Americana, Routledge, 2009, p. 32.
- al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Harsha" 页面存档备份,存于
- Story, J. Charlemagne: Empire and Society, Manchester University Press, 2005, p. 193.
- Robert E. Kelly. What Would Chinese Hegemony Look Like?
- 崔勇列,“大国力量与大国之道”,《读书》,2004年第7期,27-36。
- Joseph, Jonathan, , New York: Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-26836-2
- Slack, Jennifer Daryl, , Morley, David; Chen, Kuan-Hsing (编), , London: Routledge: 112–127, 1996
- Giddens, A & Duneier, M. (2008). Essentials of Sociology. 2nd ed. Fifth Avenue, NY: Norton.
- Hopper, P. (2007). Understanding Cultural Globalization. 1st ed. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
外部連結
查询維基詞典中的。 |
- 开放式目录计划中和Hegemonism 霸權相关的内容
- Mike Dorsher, Ph.D., Hegemony Online: The Quiet Convergence of Power, Culture and Computers 页面存档备份,存于
- Hegemony and the Hidden Persuaders — the Power of Un-common sense 页面存档备份,存于
- Parag Khanna, Waving Goodbye to Hegemony 页面存档备份,存于
Template:三個世界
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.