马绍尔语

马绍尔语馬紹爾語 [kɑ͡æzʲinʲ(e͡ɤ) mˠɑɑ̯zʲɛ͡ʌɫ])是马绍尔群岛所使用的一种马来-波利尼西亚语言。它有两种方言——西马绍尔语和东马绍尔语 。

马绍尔语
Kajin M̧ajeļKajin Majõl
母语国家和地区 马绍尔群岛 瑙鲁
母语使用人数43,900 (1979)(日期不详)
語系
南島語系
官方地位
作为官方语言 马绍尔群岛 (与英语同为官方语言)
語言代碼
ISO 639-1mh
ISO 639-2mah
ISO 639-3mah

语音

辅音

马绍尔语有22个辅音(其中5个是以两个字母表示),附加一个软腭中央近音(在现在的书写系统通常省略):

馬紹爾語輔音音素[1]
唇音 舌冠音 舌背音
硬顎化軟顎化硬顎化軟顎化圓唇(軟顎)圓唇
塞音 k
鼻音 ŋŋʷ
捲舌音
邊音
滑音 j(ɰ)w

元音

马绍尔语有4个元音音位,每个有好几种变体。

马绍尔语元音 Simple realisations Main orthographies
height phoneme unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
front back front back
High (close) /ɨ/ [i][ɯ][u] iu
Upper Mid (near-close) /ɘ/ [ɪ][ɤ]
(long)
[ʊ] i (or ę)oū (or ü)
Lower Mid (open-mid) /ɜ/ [e][ʌ]
(short)
[o] e (or )ō (or ü)
Low (open) /ɐ/ [ɛ][ɑ] [ɔ] aā (or ä)

正寫法

不久前马绍尔语的正寫法经历了一场改革。然而,多数人还是愿意使用过去的书写方式。它使用一种拉丁字母,当中含有特殊记音符号。由于宗教派别的不同,马绍尔字母有几种不同体系。天主教学校所教的拼写一般相同。公立学校使用的拼写系统则在每个岛上都有区别。下面是现在常用的字母表。

基本字母读音   带变音符号的字母读音   带长音符号的字母读音
aA/ɐ/ [ɛ]
/ɐ/ [ɑ]
  ā (or ä)Ā (or Ä)/ɐ/ [ɔ]
bB/bˠ/    
dD/r̪ˠ/    
eE/ɜ/ [e]    
iI/ɨ/ [i]
/ɘ/ [ɪ]
   
j (or y)J (or Y)/j/ [ʒ]
/j/ [j]
   
kK/k/    
lL/l̪ʲ/ ļ (or ł)Ļ (or Ł)/l̪ˠ/  
mM/mʲ/ (or ) (or )/mˠ/  
nN/n̪ʲ/ ņ (or )Ņ (or )/n̪ˠ/ (or ñ or ŋ) (or Ñ or Ŋ)/ŋ/
oO/ɘ/ [ɤ] (long) o̧ (or )O̧ (or )/ɜ/ [ʌ] (short) ō (or ö)Ō (or Ö)/ɜ/ [o]
pP/pʲ/    
rR/r̪ʲ/    
tT/t̪ˠ/    
uU/ɨ/ [ɯ]
/ɨ/ [u]
  ū (or ü)Ū (or Ü)/ɘ/ [ʊ]
wW/w/
/ʷ/
   

参考资料

  • Bender, Byron W. (1968). Marshallese phonology. Oceanic Linguistics, 7, 16-35.
  • Bender, Byron W. (1969). Spoken Marshallese: an intensive language course with grammatical notes and glossary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0870220705
  • Bender, Byron W. (1969). Vowel dissimilation in Marshallese. In Working papers in linguistics (No. 11, pp. 88-96). University of Hawaii.
  • Bender, Byron W. (1973). Parallelisms in the morphophonemics of several Micronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics, 12, 455-477.
  • Choi, John D. (1992). Phonetic underspecification and target interpolation: An acoustic study of Marshallese vowel allophony. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (No. 82).
  • Hale, Mark. (2007) Chapter 5 of Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Blackwell
  • Hale, Mark. (2000). Marshallese phonology, the phonetics-phonology interface and historical linguistics. The Linguistic Review, 17, 241-257.
  1. Choi (1992:14)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.