马绍尔语
马绍尔语（馬紹爾語：或 [kɑ͡æzʲinʲ(e͡ɤ) mˠɑɑ̯zʲɛ͡ʌɫ]）是马绍尔群岛所使用的一种马来-波利尼西亚语言。它有两种方言——西马绍尔语和东马绍尔语 。
| 马绍尔语 | |
|---|---|
| Kajin M̧ajeļ 或Kajin Majõl | |
| 母语国家和地区 |  马绍尔群岛、 瑙鲁 |
| 母语使用人数 | 43,900 (1979)（日期不详） |
| 語系 | |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作为官方语言 | 马绍尔群岛 (与英语同为官方语言) |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-1 | mh |
| ISO 639-2 | mah |
| ISO 639-3 | mah |
语音
辅音
马绍尔语有22个辅音（其中5个是以两个字母表示），附加一个软腭中央近音（在现在的书写系统通常省略）：
| 唇音 | 舌冠音 | 舌背音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 硬顎化 | 軟顎化 | 硬顎化 | 軟顎化 | 圓唇 | （軟顎） | 圓唇 | |
| 輕 | 重 | 輕 | 重 | 重 | |||
| 塞音 | pʲ | pˠ | tʲ | tˠ | k | kʷ | |
| 鼻音 | mʲ | mˠ | nʲ | nˠ | nʷ | ŋ | ŋʷ |
| 捲舌音 | rʲ | rˠ | rʷ | ||||
| 邊音 | lʲ | lˠ | lʷ | ||||
| 滑音 | j | (ɰ) | w | ||||
元音
马绍尔语有4个元音音位，每个有好几种变体。
| 马绍尔语元音 | Simple realisations | Main orthographies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| height | phoneme | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| front | back | front | back | |||||
| High | (close) | /ɨ/ | [i] | [ɯ] | [u] | i | u | |
| Upper Mid | (near-close) | /ɘ/ | [ɪ] | [ɤ] (long) | [ʊ] | i (or ę) | o | ū (or ü) |
| Lower Mid | (open-mid) | /ɜ/ | [e] | [ʌ] (short) |
[o] | e | o̧ (or o̠) | ō (or ü) |
| Low | (open) | /ɐ/ | [ɛ] | [ɑ] | [ɔ] | a | ā (or ä) | |
正寫法
不久前马绍尔语的正寫法经历了一场改革。然而，多数人还是愿意使用过去的书写方式。它使用一种拉丁字母，当中含有特殊记音符号。由于宗教派别的不同，马绍尔字母有几种不同体系。天主教学校所教的拼写一般相同。公立学校使用的拼写系统则在每个岛上都有区别。下面是现在常用的字母表。
| 基本字母 | 读音 | 带变音符号的字母 | 读音 | 带长音符号的字母 | 读音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | A | /ɐ/ [ɛ] /ɐ/ [ɑ] |
ā (or ä) | Ā (or Ä) | /ɐ/ [ɔ] | |||||
| b | B | /bˠ/ | ||||||||
| d | D | /r̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
| e | E | /ɜ/ [e] | ||||||||
| i | I | /ɨ/ [i] /ɘ/ [ɪ] |
||||||||
| j (or y) | J (or Y) | /j/ [ʒ] /j/ [j] |
||||||||
| k | K | /k/ | ||||||||
| l | L | /l̪ʲ/ | ļ (or ł) | Ļ (or Ł) | /l̪ˠ/ | |||||
| m | M | /mʲ/ | m̧ (or m̠) | M̧ (or M̠) | /mˠ/ | |||||
| n | N | /n̪ʲ/ | ņ (or n̠) | Ņ (or N̠) | /n̪ˠ/ | n̄ (or ñ or ŋ) | N̄ (or Ñ or Ŋ) | /ŋ/ | ||
| o | O | /ɘ/ [ɤ] (long) | o̧ (or o̠) | O̧ (or O̠) | /ɜ/ [ʌ] (short) | ō (or ö) | Ō (or Ö) | /ɜ/ [o] | ||
| p | P | /pʲ/ | ||||||||
| r | R | /r̪ʲ/ | ||||||||
| t | T | /t̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
| u | U | /ɨ/ [ɯ] /ɨ/ [u] |
ū (or ü) | Ū (or Ü) | /ɘ/ [ʊ] | |||||
| w | W | /w/ /ʷ/ |
||||||||
参考资料
- Bender, Byron W. (1968). Marshallese phonology. Oceanic Linguistics, 7, 16-35.
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Spoken Marshallese: an intensive language course with grammatical notes and glossary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0870220705
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Vowel dissimilation in Marshallese. In Working papers in linguistics (No. 11, pp. 88-96). University of Hawaii.
- Bender, Byron W. (1973). Parallelisms in the morphophonemics of several Micronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics, 12, 455-477.
- Choi, John D. (1992). Phonetic underspecification and target interpolation: An acoustic study of Marshallese vowel allophony. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (No. 82).
- Hale, Mark. (2007) Chapter 5 of Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Blackwell
- Hale, Mark. (2000). Marshallese phonology, the phonetics-phonology interface and historical linguistics. The Linguistic Review, 17, 241-257.
- Choi (1992:14)
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