鯡魚

鯡魚是大部分鯡科魚的通稱。牠們多在暗沙或岸邊聯群游弋。其中，最常見，而且具高商業價值的鯡魚有3種，皆屬於鯡屬，其捕獲量佔了鯡魚總捕獲量約90%。其中，三種鯡屬魚中捕獲量最多的為大西洋鯡，佔比過半。這三種魚一般在北太平洋、北大西洋、波羅的海和南美洲西岸的淺水溫帶區出沒。此外，也有一些被稱作鯡魚的魚類在阿拉伯海、印度洋和孟加拉灣一帶出沒。

鯡魚 (Herring)
大西洋鯡, Clupea harengus
1950年–2010年全球鯡魚總捕獲量
單位為百萬噸[1]

歷史上，鯡魚在歐洲漁業扮演了舉足輕重的角色，[2]對此魚的研究在二十世紀早期為漁業學提供了長足進步的基礎。[3]此外，牠們曾長年為重要的食用魚，常以燻、醃處理保存。

種類

不少物種皆被歸類為鯡魚，其中大部份皆屬於鯡科。鯡魚的英文名稱herring的詞源並不明確，可能源於古高地德語的heri，有衆多、大群體之意。[4]

鯡科的模式屬為鯡屬。[5]鯡屬共有三種，包括在北太平洋出沒的模式種大西洋鯡、在北太平洋出沒的太平洋鯡以及智利沿岸出沒的貝氏智利鯡。

鯡屬鯡魚
俗名 學名 最長記錄 一般長度 最重可達 最高壽命 營養級 世界魚類數據庫 聯合國糧食及農業組織 整合分類學資訊系統 保護級別
貝氏智利鯡 Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 [6] [7] [8] 未予評估
大西洋鯡 Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 45.0 cm 30.0 cm 1.05 kg 22 years 3.23 [9] [10] [11] 無危[12]
太平洋鯡 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 46.0 cm 25.0 cm 19 years 3.15 [9] [13] [14] 未予評估

除此之外，也有不少魚類被國際自然保護聯盟視爲鯡魚，收錄於世界魚類數據庫，現表列如下：

其餘鯡魚
種類 俗名 學名 最長記錄 一般長度 最重可達 最高壽命 營養級 世界魚類數據庫 聯合國糧食及農業組織 整合分類學資訊系統 保護級別
淡水鯡 窄體似鯡 Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years [15] [16] 數據缺乏[17]
圓腹鯡科 印尼少棱圓鯡 Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years [18] [19] Least concern[20]
寬帶任氏鯡 Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years [21] [22] Least concern[23]
南非吉氏鯡 Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years [24] [25] Least concern[26]
小眼任氏鯡 Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years [27] [28] Least concern[29]
沙丁脂眼鯡 Etrumeus teres (De Kay, 1842) 33 cm 25 cm kg years [30] [31] [32] 未予評估
雙鰭似黍鯡 Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 [33] [34] Data deficient[35]
懷氏脂眼鯡 Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 [36] [37] [38] Least concern[39]
短帶任氏鯡 Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978

cm cm kg years [40] [41] Vulnerable[42]
後絲鯡屬 加拉帕戈斯後絲鯡 Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 [43] [44] 易危[45]
少耙後絲鯡 Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years [46] [47] 無危[48]
太平洋後絲鯡 Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years [49] [50] [44] 無危[51]
蒲氏後絲鯡 Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) cm cm kg years [52] [53] 無危[54]
其他 黑帶側帶鯡 Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years [55] [56] 無危[57]
齒頭鯡 Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years [58] [59] Vulnerable[60]
勃氏犬齒鰳 Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years [61] [62] Least concern[63]
細側帶鯡 Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years [64] [65] Least concern[66]
太平洋青鱗魚 Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [67] [68] Least concern[69]
小細鯡 Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years [70] [71] Least concern[72]
日本銀帶鯡 Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 [73] [74] Not assessed
太平洋側帶鯡 Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [75] [76] Least concern[77]
西拉棱鯡 Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years [78] [79] Least concern[80]

參考
  1. Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets
  2. Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
  3. Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
  4. Herring Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  5. Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5.
  6. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Clupea bentincki in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  7. Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  8. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  9. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Clupea harengus in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  10. Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  11. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  12. Herdson D & Priede I. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. [6 April 2012].
  13. Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  14. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  15. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Clupeoides papuensis in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  16. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  17. Allen G. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  18. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Dayella malabarica in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  20. Ali A & Raghavan R. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. [April 2012].
  21. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Jenkinsia lamprotaenia in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  23. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  24. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Gilchristella aestuaria in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  25. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  26. Bills R. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. [April 2012].
  27. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Jenkinsia majua in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  28. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  29. Munroe TA & Priede IG. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  30. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Etrumeus teres in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  31. Etrumeus teres (Norman, 1936) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  32. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  33. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Spratellomorpha bianalis in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  35. Loiselle, P; 等. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. [April 2012].
  36. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Etrumeus whiteheadi in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  37. Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  38. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  39. Heemstra PC, Munroe TA & Priede IG. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. [April 2012].
  40. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Jenkinsia parvula in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  41. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  42. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  43. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Opisthonema berlangai in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  44. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  45. Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  46. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Opisthonema medirastre in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  47. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  48. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  49. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Opisthonema libertate in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  50. Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  51. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  52. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Opisthonema bulleri in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  53. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  54. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  55. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Lile nigrofasciata in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  56. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  57. Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  58. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Denticeps clupeoides in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  59. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  60. Lalèyè P, Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  61. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  62. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  63. Priede IG. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  64. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Lile gracilis in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  65. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  66. Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  67. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Harengula thrissina in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  69. Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  70. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  72. Moelants T. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
  73. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Spratelloides gracilis in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
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  75. Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). Lile stolifera in FishBase. 2012年April月版本
  76. . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. [April 2012] （英语）.
  77. Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. [April 2012].
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外部連結
維基教科書的食譜有以下内容：
鯡魚
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：鯡魚

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