世界轮椅运动会

世界轮椅运动会（IWAS World Games），全称是世界轮椅及截肢者运动会，也叫做斯托克·曼德维尔（Stoke Mandeville）轮椅运动会，是一个多项目的残疾人运动会。

第一届运动会是由路德維希·古特曼在1948年举办。

比賽
  • 1948: Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed [1] July 28, 1948, archery competition, 16 competitors[2] (14 men, 2 women[3])
  • 1949–1951: Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1952:Stoke Mandeville, England – First International Stoke Mandeville Games[4] A Dutch team participated, making it an international event[2]
  • 1953–1959: International Stoke Mandeville Games (2nd–8th)
  • 1960: 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, Rome, Italy – later known as the 1st Paralympic Games[5]
  • 1961–1963: International Stoke Mandeville Games (10th–12th)
  • 1964: 13th International Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed, Tokyo, Japan – later known as the 2nd Paralympic Games[6]
  • 1965–1967: International Stoke Mandeville Games (14th–16th)
  • 1968: 17th International Stoke Mandeville Games, Tel Aviv, Israel [7] – later known as the 3rd Paralympic Games
  • 1969–1972: International Stoke Mandeville Games (18th–20th)
  • 1972: 21st International Stoke Mandeville Games,Heidelberg, Germany – later known as the 4th Paralympic Games[7][8]
  • 1973–1975: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1976: None (5th Paralympic Year)
  • 1977–1979: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1980: None (6th Paralympic Year)
  • 1981–1983: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1984: None (7th Paralympic Year)
  • 1985–1987: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1988: None (8th Paralympic Year)
  • 1989–1991: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1992: None (9th Paralympic Year)
  • 1993–1995: International Stoke Mandeville Games
  • 1996: None (10th Paralympic Year)
  • 1997–2000 – World Wheelchair Games
  • 2000: None (11th Paralympic Year)
  • 2001–2003: World Wheelchair Games[9]
  • 2004: None (12th Paralympic Year)
  • 2005: World Wheelchair and Amputee Games[10] – Rio de Janeiro,  巴西. Over 700 athletes from 44 nations. Five events: track and field, table tennis, archery, shooting, and billiards.[11]
  • 2006 World Wheelchair and Amputee Games, 班加羅爾,  印度
  • 2007: World Wheelchair and Amputee Games [12] 臺北市,  中華民國
  • 2008: None (13th Paralympic Year)
  • 2009: IWAS World Games – 班加羅爾,  印度,[13][14][15]
  • 2011: IWAS World Games – 夏尔迦,  阿联酋 – 1–10 December 2011[16]
  • 2012: None (14th Paralympic Year)
  • 2013: IWAS World Games, 斯塔茨卡納爾,  荷蘭
  • 2015: IWAS World Games, 索契,  俄羅斯

參考資料
  1. Paralympics: Where Heroes Come 页面存档备份，存于, by Dr. Robert Steadward and Cynthia Peterson. Edmonton, Alberta: One Shot Holdings Ltd., 1997, melazerte.com, May 30, 2010
  2. Remembering Paralympics past 页面存档备份，存于, BBC, July 15, 2008
  3. The Paralympics: It all started with Veterans 页面存档备份，存于. Veteran Affairs Canada
  4. Chronology of Events in the Development of Wheelchair Basketball 页面存档备份，存于, International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF)
  5. Rome 1960 页面存档备份，存于, International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
  6. The Thirteenth International Stoke Mandeville Games for The Paralysed 页面存档备份，存于, dinf.ne.jp, March 17, 1999
  7. Summer Games Governance 1960 to 1992 Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-12-16, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS)
  8. 21st Wheelchair Olympics, by Charles J. Bierbauer, The Pittsburgh Press, August 1, 1972, Google News Archive Search
  9. 2003 World Wheelchair Games / Jeux Mondiaux 2003 页面存档备份，存于, Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association
  10. 2005 World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 页面存档备份，存于, cwsa.ca
  11. 21. Sports – Accomplishments Abroad – The First IWAS World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 页面存档备份，存于, gio.gov.tw
  12. Singapore wins 14 medals at World Wheelchair and Amputee Games 2007 页面存档备份，存于, sglead.wordpress.com, September 18, 2007
  13. . [2017-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-08）.
  14. . [2017-07-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-05-07）.
  15. IWAS World Games 2009 页面存档备份，存于, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), November 24, 2009
  16. IWAS announced today that the bid to host the IWAS World Games 页面存档备份，存于, International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), February 8, 2011
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