次氯酸鈉
次氯酸钠(sodium hypochlorite),化学式NaClO,是钠的次氯酸盐。次氯酸钠与二氧化碳反应产生的次氯酸是漂白剂有的成分。
次氯酸鈉 | |||
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IUPAC名 Sodium hypochlorite | |||
识别 | |||
CAS号 | 10022-70-5(五水) 7681-52-9(无水) | ||
PubChem | 23665760 | ||
ChemSpider | 22756 | ||
SMILES |
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InChI |
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InChIKey | SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYAD | ||
UN编号 | 1791 | ||
EINECS | 231-668-3 | ||
ChEBI | 32146 | ||
RTECS | NH3486300 | ||
KEGG | D01711 | ||
性质 | |||
化学式 | NaClO | ||
摩尔质量 | 74.442 g/mol g·mol⁻¹ | ||
外观 | 黄绿色固体(五水) | ||
氣味 | 氯味 | ||
密度 | 1.11 g/cm3 | ||
熔点 | 18 °C(291 K)(五水) | ||
沸点 | 101 °C(374 K)(分解) | ||
溶解性(水) | 29.3 g/100mL (0 °C)[1] | ||
pKa | 7.5185 | ||
pKb | 6.4815 | ||
热力学 | |||
ΔfHm |
-347.1 kJ/mol | ||
药理学 | |||
ATC代码 | |||
危险性 | |||
警示术语 | R:R31, R34, R50 | ||
安全术语 | S:S1/2, S28, S45, S50, S61 | ||
欧盟分类 | Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N) | ||
NFPA 704 |
0
2
1
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相关物质 | |||
其他阴离子 | 氯化钠 亚氯酸钠 氯酸钠 高氯酸钠 | ||
其他阳离子 | 次氯酸锂 次氯酸钙 次氯酸钾 | ||
若非注明,所有数据均出自一般条件(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
製備
- Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaClO + NaCl + H2O
- Cl2 + H2O → HClO + HCl
化学反应
次氯酸钠是强碱弱酸盐,会水解,水溶液呈碱性:
- NaClO(aq) + H2O(l) → HClO(aq) + NaOH(aq)
次氯酸鈉水溶液漂白釋出氧後,會變成氯化鈉水溶液,其反應式如下:
- NaClO + H2O → NaOH + HClO
- 2HClO → 2HCl + O2↑
- NaOH + HCl → NaCl +H2O
與鹽酸反應會放出有毒的氯氣,因此使用相關製品時應注意避免混合:
- NaClO + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl + H2O + Cl2↑
與過氧化氫反應生成氧氣,此反應中氧的氧化數有升有降,因此此為歧化反應:
- NaClO + H2O2 → H2O + NaCl + O2↑
參考文獻
- BS. udavari editor (1996): The Merck Index, page 1478. Published by Merck Inc.
- The Oxidation of Alcohols and Ethers Using Calcium Hypochlorite. Retrieved Feb 11, 2020
- John W. Hill, Jeffrey A. Jenson, Charles F. Henke, Joseph G. Yaritz, Richard L. Pedersen. . Journal of Chemical Education. 1984-12, 61 (12): 1118 [2020-02-11]. ISSN 0021-9584. doi:10.1021/ed061p1118 (英语).
- Masayuki Kirihara, Tomohide Okada, Yukihiro Sugiyama, Miyako Akiyoshi, Takehiro Matsunaga, Yoshikazu Kimura. . Organic Process Research & Development. 2017-12-15, 21 (12): 1925–1937 [2020-02-11]. ISSN 1083-6160. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00288 (英语).
- Jones, F.-L. . J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1972, 222 (10): 1312. doi:10.1001/jama.222.10.1312.
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. (2004). "Eaux et extraits de Javel. Hypochlorite de sodium en solution." Fiche toxicologique n° 157, Paris.
外部連結
- International Chemical Safety Card 0482 (solutions<10% active Cl)
- International Chemical Safety Card 1119 (solutions >10% active Cl)
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (in French)
- Home and Leisure Accident Statistics 2002 (UK RoSPA)
- Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water (United States Environmental Protection Agency)
- Chlorinated Drinking Water (IARC Monograph)
- NTP Study Report TR-392: Chlorinated & Chloraminated Water (US NIH)
- Guidelines for the Use of Chlorine Bleach as a Sanitizer in Food Processing Operations (Oklahoma State University)
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