毒品戰爭

毒品戰爭，是美國主要政治術語[6][7]，常用於表示美國聯邦政府對於毒品的防制而做出的行动，即軍事支援、軍事干預、減少非法藥品交易。[8][9]

在毒品戰爭中，美國花了每年大約五億美元給予哥伦比亚，用來打擊毒贩及FARC等恐怖分子[1][2][3][4][5]

這一舉措包括一套旨在阻止違法生產，分配和消費的藥物政策對於精神药物的政策並且參與政府联合国的對策。這個詞在1971年6月18日由美国总统理查德·尼克松發表的新聞發布會不久之後普及—尼克松總統出版了尼克松總統給藥物濫用預防和控制大會的一個特別信息， 宣布吸毒為“第一公敵”。他向國會發出的這個消息包括關於將更多的聯邦資源用於“預防新的吸毒者和康復上癮者”的文本，但這部分並不像“毒品戰爭”一樣受到公眾的重視。[10][11][12]不過，在此之前兩年，尼克松已經正式宣布了“毒品戰爭”，旨在消除、阻截、監禁。[13]

主張結束“毒品戰爭”的非營利組織Drug Policy Alliance估計美國每年為這些舉措花費510億美元。[14][15] [16][17][18][19][20]

2011年6月， 全球藥物政策委員會發表了關於毒品戰爭的批評性報告，報告中宣稱：“全球毒品戰爭已經失敗，對世界各地的個人和社會造成破壞性後果。麻醉品单一公约開始五十年後，尼克松總統發表美國政府毒品戰爭後的幾年，迫切需要國家和全球藥物管制政策的基本改革。”[21]該報告被反對藥物普遍合法化的組織所批評。[18]

另見
隱蔽活動和外交政策
政府機構和法律
反對禁止組織
  • Drug Policy Alliance
  • Marijuana Policy Project
  • Law Enforcement Against Prohibition
  • NORML
  • November Coalition
  • Students for Sensible Drug Policy
  • Transform Drug Policy Foundation (United Kingdom)
  • Beckley Foundation (United Kingdom)
反對藥物合法化的組織
  • Drug Free America Foundation
  • Partnership for a Drug-Free America
  • World Federation Against Drugs

參考資料
  1. (PDF). usaid.gov. United States Agency for International Development. [2015-10-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-01-09）.
  2. Bennett, Brian. . Los Angeles Times. 2011-06-09 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-29）.
  3. Drug War Clock 页面存档备份，存于. DrugSense (December 31, 1995).
  4. Vulliamy, Ed. . The Guardian (London). 2011-04-03 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-22）.
  5. Congress: US Wasting Billions in War on Drugs – Pair of reports blast counter-narcotics spending in Latin America 页面存档备份，存于. Newser.com.
  6. http://www.npr.org/2016/03/27/472023148/legalize-all-drugs-the-risks-are-tremendous-without-defining-the-problem
  7. "(And) Richard Nixon was the one who coined the phrase, 'war on drugs.'"
  8. Cockburn and St. Clair, 1998: Chapter 14
  9. Bullington, Bruce; Alan A. Block. . Crime, Law and Social Change (Springer Netherlands). March 1990, 14 (1): 39–55. ISSN 1573-0751. doi:10.1007/BF00728225.
  10. . [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-12）.
  11. . The Palm Beach Post. 1971-06-18 [2012-10-13].
  12. Dufton, Emily. . The Atlantic. 2012-03-26 [2012-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-05）.
  13. Payan, Tony (2013). A War that Can’t Be Won. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
  14. . Drug Policy Alliance. [2014-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-05）.
  15. On May 13, 2009, Gil Kerlikowske—the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)—signaled that the Obama administration did not plan to significantly alter drug enforcement policy, but also that the administration would not use the term "War on Drugs", because Kerlikowske considers the term to be "counter-productive".
  16. Fields, Gary. . The Wall Street Journal. 2009-05-14 [2009-05-14].
  17. ONDCP's view is that "drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated... making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe".
  18. Global Commission on Drug Policy Offers Reckless, Vague Drug Legalization Proposal, Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc, July 12, 2011 页面存档备份，存于. (PDF).
  19. One of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for 可卡因 use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain, the biggest consumer of the drug.
  20. . The Local. 2014-04-10 [2014-09-10].
  21. . The Global Commission on Drug Policy. 2011: 24.

延伸閱讀
  • Johann Hari. . London, New York: Bloomsbury. 2015. ISBN 978-1-620-408902.
  • Michael Blanchard; Gabriel J. Chin. . American University Law Review. 1998, (47): 557. SSRN 1128945.
  • Daniel Burton-Rose, The Celling of America: An Inside Look at the U.S. Prison Industry. Common Courage Press, 1998.
  • Stephanie R. Bush-Baskette, "The War on Drugs as a War on Black Women," in Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko (eds.), Girls, Women, and Crime: Selected Readings. SAGE, 2004.
  • Gabriel Chin. . Gender, Race & Justice. 2002, (6): 253. SSRN 390109.
  • Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. New York: Verso, 1998.
  • Mitchell Earlywine, Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Kathleen J. Frydl, The Drug Wars in America, 1940-1973. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Kenneth B. Nunn. . Gender, Race & Justice. 2002, (6): 381.
  • Tony Payan, "A War that Can’t Be Won." Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 2013.
  • Preston Peet, Under the Influence: The Disinformation Guide to Drugs. The Disinformation Company, 2004.
  • Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. Binghamton, NY: Haworn Press, 2006.
  • Eric Schneider, "The Drug War Revisited," Berfrois, November 2, 2011.
  • Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1911.
  • Dominic Streatfeild, Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan, 2003.
  • Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs. New York: Verso, 2004.

政府及非政府組織報告

外部連結
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：毒品戰爭

http://www.drugpolicy.org/facts/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war-0 http://www.thewarondrugs.net/ https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/htele.html 页面存档备份，存于

影音
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