烟管蜗牛科

烟管蜗牛科（學名：），亦作烟管螺科[2]或密封蝸科，是烟管蜗牛总科之下的一種小型和非常長的科級分類。本科物種主要都是左旋物種的陸生蝸牛、會呼吸空氣的有肺類腹足綱直神經亞綱柄眼目軟體動物[3]:105。

烟管蜗牛科
Cochlodina laminata
科学分类
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲： 腹足纲 Gastropoda
目： 柄眼目 Stylommatophora
亚目： 旋蝸牛亞目 Helicina
下目： 烟管蜗牛下目 Clausilioidei
总科： 烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea
科： 烟管蜗牛科 Clausiliidae
J. E. Gray, 1855[1]
模式属
烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia

本科舊屬柄眼目中尿道亞目（Mesurethra）[4]及泛有肺類真有肺類柄眼類非正式群組弯尿道類。

截至2008年10月 (2008-10)，本科連同現生種及化石種合共有1300個物種，是陸生蝸牛當中其生物多樣性最高的分類單元（參照Orthalicidae，在整個腹足綱來說也只是僅次於海生的小塔螺科）。

本科物種在台灣的名稱叫作「烟管蝸牛科」，這是得名於其殻口的獨特「烟管」解剖結構，叫作「腔襞」[5]:116，讓牠們可以將牠們的口蓋變得可以像一扇趟門那樣把殻口關閉起來。

型態描述
Megalophaedusa martensi is the largest species of the family Clausiliidae in the world. The individual in the photograph has a shell which is 45.5 mm long. The whole snail weighs 3.2 g live.

幾乎所有本科的貝殻都是左旋的[3]:105，這在腹足綱物種的螺殻來說並不常見。殻的表面有肋樣構造[3]:105。殻長約10到15 mm[3]:105。

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

「烟管」
主条目：腔襞
Clausilia dubia的「烟管」構造。

烟管蜗牛科物種在肺螺類腹足綱軟體動物來說相當特殊，因為牠們大多數的殻口都有稱為「腔襞」的類似「烟管」構造，就像一扇趟門一樣。這種「烟管」與口蓋並不一樣，因為在肺螺類物種都已有外套膜肺，並沒有「口蓋」這種構造。

腔襞是一種石灰質構造，舌形或調匙形，可將其殻口完全關閉，以防止肉食性的甲蟲幼蟲入侵其柔軟的身體。腔襞有不同的形態，如「月形」[5]:116或「弓形」[6]腔襞、「倒C形腔襞」[5]:124、「工形腔襞」[5]:118、「平行腔襞」[5]:128等，還可以分為多個部分，如：上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等[5]:116。腔襞有「閉板」及「腔襞板」（）將其封閉：「閉板」是附生於殻軸的板狀構造，而腔襞板則是殻內壁的板狀突起[5]:116，由殻壁摺疊而形成。

生物學

本科物種的染色體的單倍體介乎21到30之間[7]:139,142。

分類學

本科的模式屬是烟管蜗牛属（Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805）。

根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科是彎尿道類非正式群組的成員[8]，而這個群組在2010年的修訂被歸類為泛有肺類真有肺類演化支的成員[9]。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，曲尿道類支序和泛有肺類都不再使用[10]。

2005年分類

根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科包括下列各亞科：

  • 烟管蜗牛亚科 Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
    • tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
    • tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
  • subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
    • tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
    • tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
    • tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
    • tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
    • tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972
  • subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
  • subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981[11]
  • 斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
    • 斜管螺族 Garnieriini C.R. Boettger, 1926
    • 伞管螺族 Tropidaucheniini H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
    • tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978[12]
    • tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985[13]
  • subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
  • subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
    • tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
    • tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
    • tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
    • tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
    • tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
    • tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
    • tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
    • tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
  • subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
    • tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
    • tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
  • subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927

2017年分類

根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，煙管蝸牛科是柄眼目旋蝸牛亞目煙管蝸牛下目之下的煙管蝸牛總科的成員。本科之下的亞科從過往的11個亞科縮減至8個亞科21個族，分別如下：

  • Subfamily Alopiinae A.J. Wagner, 1913
    • Tribe Alopiini A.J. Wagner, 1913
    • Tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923)
    • Tribe Delimini R. Brandt, 1956
    • Tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
  • Subfamily Clausiliinae Gray, 1855
  • 斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae C.R. Boettger, 1926
  • Subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
  • Subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
  • Subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923
  • Subfamily Peruiniinae H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae A.J. Wagner, 1922
    • 管螺族 Phaedusini A.J. Wagner, 1922
    • Tribe Serrulinini Ehrmann, 1927
    • Tribe Synprosphymini H. Nordsieck, 2007

屬

以下詳列本科之下各個亞科所屬的分類單元：

烟管蜗牛亚科

烟管蜗牛亚科（Clausiliinae）包括以下兩族：

  • 烟管蜗牛族（Clausiliini）
    • 烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977[14]
    • Erjaveci a Brusina, 1870[14]
    • Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus[14]
    • Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963[14]
    • Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867[14]
    • Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973[14]
    • Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920[14]
    • Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians[14]
    • Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924[14]
  • tribe Gracillariini
    • Graciliaria Bielz, 1867[15]

Alopiinae

Alopiinae[16]

tribe Alopiini

  • Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
  • Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Triloba Vest, 1867

tribe Cochlodinini

  • Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Delimini

  • Barcania Brandt, 1956
  • Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
  • Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
  • Dilataria Vest, 1867
  • Papillifera Hartmann, 1842

tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997

  • Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
  • Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
  • Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006[17]
  • Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
  • Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
  • Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
  • Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924

tribe Montenegrinini

  • Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877
  • Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921

Baleinae
  • Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
  • Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
  • Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
  • Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
  • Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
  • Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
  • Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
  • Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
  • Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Constrictinae

Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:

  • † Constricta O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[8]

斜管螺亞科

斜管螺亞科（Garnieriinae）包括下列各屬：

  • Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
  • 斜管螺属 Grandinenia H. Minato & C. Chen, 1984[18]
  • Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927
  • Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • 伞管螺属 Tropidauchenia Lindholm, 1924
    • subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
    • subsp. Tropidauchenia

Eualopiinae

Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

tribe † Eualopiini

  • † Eualopia O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily[8]

tribe † Rillyini

  • † Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe[8]

Laminiferinae
  • Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae.[8] Its type species is fossil.[8] (Actual status of the genus?)
  • Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927
  • Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876

Mentissoideinae
  • Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
  • Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
  • Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877
  • Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
  • Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
  • Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
  • Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
  • Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
  • Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - with two subgenera: Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
  • Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
  • Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877
  • Olympicola Hesse, 1916
  • Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
  • Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925
  • Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
  • Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975
  • Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994

大口管螺亚科

大口管螺亚科（Neniinae Ehrmann, 1927）主要分佈於南美洲，但亦有少数分佈於中国南部、南亚及东南亚，包括以下各屬[19]：

  • Andinia Polinski, 1922
  • Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958
  • Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
  • Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - with three subgenera: Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
  • Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999
  • Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949
  • Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926
  • Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922
  • Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949
  • Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
  • Incania Polinski, 1922
  • Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • 大口管螺屬 Nenia H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926
  • Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004
  • Neniops Pilsbry, 1926
  • Nenisca Rehder, 1939
  • Parabalea Ancey, 1882
  • Peruinia Polinski, 1922
  • Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957
  • Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
  • Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900
  • Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
  • Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957

管螺亚科

管螺亚科（Phaedusinae Thiele, 1931）包括以下各屬[20]：

管螺族 Phaedusini

  • 管螺属 Phaedusa H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 and Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Megalophaedusini

  • Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927[21]
  • Oospira Blanford, 1872[21] - with five subgenera: Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

tribe ?

  • Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
  • Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 - with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003
  • Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905
  • 真管螺属 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877[22]： - with five subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003：又名小煙管蝸牛屬。
  • Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
  • 拟管螺属 Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877：with 10 subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 and Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906
  • Juttingia Loosjes, 1965 - with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927
  • Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
  • Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
  • Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
  • Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).[23]
  • Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
  • Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
  • Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905
  • Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877
  • Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
  • Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998
  • Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981
  • Reinia Kobelt, 1876 - with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia
  • Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
  • Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
  • Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
  • Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
  • Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
  • Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
  • Synprosphyma Germain, 1919 - with two subgenera; Excussispira Lindholm, 1925 and Synprosphyma
  • Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
  • Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Tyrannophaedusa
  • Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930
  • Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927

Serrulininae
  • Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973
  • Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982
  • Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
  • Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978
  • Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995
  • Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995
  • Pravispira Lindholm, 1924
  • Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
  • Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
  • Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935
  • Serrulina Mousson, 1873
  • Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984
  • Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
  • Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000 - with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia

保育

儘管非海洋軟體動物當中本科物種看似易危[24]，但在《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》只有9個本科的物種被列入名錄內[25]。

參考文獻
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  7. The biology of terrestrial molluscs於Google圖書
  8. Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P. , 编. . Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  9. Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. . BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10: 323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 （英语）.
  10. Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. . Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 （英语）.
  11. Nordsieck H. (1981). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 111(1-3): 101.
  12. Nordsieck H. (1978). Archiv für Molluskenkunde 109(1-3): 104.
  13. Nordsieck H. (1985). Heldia 1(3): 83.
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  15. "Graciliaria". Fauna Europaea, last update 27 January 2011, accessed 27 April 2011.
  16. Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, ISBN 90-6464-874-3.
  17. Gittenberger E. & Uit de Weerd D. R. (2009). "Summarizing data on the Inchoatia taxa, including Inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec. nov. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)" Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a08 页面存档备份，存于
  18. . WMSD - Worldwide mollusc species DB. [2018-04-02] （英语）.
  19. 陳德牛; 張國慶 (编). . . 无脊椎动物 第19卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 柄眼目 烟管螺科 第一版. 科学出版社. [2018-06-10]. ISBN 9787030067975 （中文（简体）‎）.
  20. 陳德牛; 張國慶 (编). . . 无脊椎动物 第19卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 柄眼目 烟管螺科 第一版. 科学出版社. [2018-04-02]. ISBN 9787030067975 （中文（简体）‎）.
  21. Maassen W. J. M. & Gittenberger E. (2007). "Three new clausiliid land snails from Tonkin, northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen 81(1): http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/81/nr01/a10 页面存档备份，存于
  22. . 第七卷. [2018-04-02] （中文（简体）‎）.
  23. cf. Nordsieck H. (2006). "Species list of recent Clausiliidae".
  25. IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 5 March 2010.
  26. <ref name='Xie 2013'>蝸牛不思議
  27. 醉美碳酸钙小组. . 果壳网. 2014-11-01 [2015-05-15] （中文（简体）‎）.[26] <ref name='zgdwz'>陳德牛; 張國慶 (编). . . 无脊椎动物 第19卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 柄眼目 烟管螺科 第一版. 科学出版社. [2018-07-16]. ISBN 9787030067975 （中文（简体）‎）.

延伸閱讀
  • Maltz, T. K.; Sulikowska-Drozd, A. . Annales Zoologici. 2008, 58 (4): 857–880. doi:10.3161/000345408X396783 （英语）.
  • Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-07-7.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM, PDF.
  • Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.010

外部連結
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：烟管蜗牛科
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