线虫的分类
线虫的分类系统由於线虫动物门的种类繁多,下領約2.5萬個有紀錄的物種(估計總共有差不多100萬個物種[2]),其分類至今尚有不同意见。以下列举数位学者的分类表:
线虫动物门 化石时期:下寒武世 – 現在[1] | |
---|---|
秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)是線蟲的一種 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
亚界: | 真后生动物亚界 Eumetazoa |
演化支: | 副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa |
演化支: | 浮浪幼虫样动物 Planulozoa |
演化支: | 两侧对称动物 Bilateria |
演化支: | 肾管动物 Nephrozoa |
演化支: | 原口动物 Protostomia |
总门: | 蜕皮动物总门 Ecdysozoa |
演化支: | 環神經動物 Cycloneuralia |
演化支: | 線蟲動物 Nematoida |
门: | 线虫动物门 Nematoda Diesing, 1861 |
綱 | |
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異名 | |
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本分類最初由Karl Rudolphi於1808年定義為「Nematoidea」[3],取名於古希臘文的(nêma, nêmatos,線的意思)及後綴(-eidēs,物種)。本分類後來被Burmeister於1837年被重新分類,取名為「Nematodes科」[3];到1861年再由K. M. Diesing升格成為「Nematoda目」[3]。
線蟲的物種很不容易區分,有相關描述的已超過二萬五千種[4][5],其中超過一半是寄生性的(包括許多植物及人類在內動物的病原體)[6]。線蟲的物種數估計超過一百萬種[2],只有節肢動物比線蟲更多樣化。线虫的消化系統是有二個開口的管狀消化系統,和刺胞動物門及扁形動物門不同。
线虫幾乎已經適應了地球所有的生態系,從海洋(海水)到淡水、土壤、極地到赤道、也包括不同海拔高度的地區。牠們在淡水、海水、陸地上隨處可見,並在極端的環境如南極和海溝都可發現,其個體數量及物種個數會常常超過其他的動物,甚至在高山、沙漠、南極和海溝中都可以生存。在岩石圈每個部份都有线虫的存在[7],甚至是在南非地下900公尺到3600公尺深的金礦坑表面也不例外[8][9][10][11][7]。海床上有90%的動物是线虫[12]。線蟲的數量眾多,常常每立方公尺就有上百萬個線蟲,佔地球所有動物的80%,線蟲生命週期的多様性,在各種營養條件下都有存在,也使得他們在許多生態系統中有重要的影響[13]。有些線蟲會有隱生的特性。
線蟲原先在1919年被Nathan Cobb命名為Nemata。後來,牠們被降級為囊蠕蟲中的一綱,最後才被重新分類至線蟲動物門[14]。
根據WoRMS,截至2018年1月14日 ,線蟲動物主要分為色矛纲與刺嘴纲兩大分類,還有少量未能歸屬的分類單元[15]。這兩大分類的組成部分詳列如下。
色矛纲
色矛纲(Chromadorea)之下只有色矛亚纲(Chromadoria)一個分類單元,包括下列各目[16]:
- 薄咽目 Araeolaimida
- 色矛目 Chromadorida
- 色矛亞目 Chromadorina
- 色矛總科 Chromadoroidea Filipjev, 1917
- Achromadoridae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973
- 色矛科 Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917
- Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Ethmolaimidae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941
- Neotonchidae Wieser & Hopper, 1966
- Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915
- 色矛總科 Chromadoroidea Filipjev, 1917
- 色矛亞目 Chromadorina
- 链环目 Desmodorida
- 链环亚目 Desmodorina
- Superfamily Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922
- Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922
- Draconematidae Filipjev, 1918
- Epsilonematidae Steiner, 1927
- Superfamily Microlaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Aponchiidae Gerlach, 1963
- Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Monoposthiidae Filipjev, 1934
- Superfamily Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922
- 链环亚目 Desmodorina
- 帶矛目 Desmocolecida
- 帶矛亞目 Desmocolecina
- 帶矛總科 Desmoscolecoidea Shipley, 1896
- Cyartonematidae Tchesunov, 1990
- 帶矛科 Desmoscolecidae Shipley, 1896
- Eophasmidae Poinar, 2011
- Meyliidae de Coninck, 1965
- 帶矛總科 Desmoscolecoidea Shipley, 1896
- 帶矛亞目 Desmocolecina
- 單宮目 Monhysterida
- Suborder Linhomoeina
- Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- Fusivermidae Tchesunov, 1996
- Linhomoeidae Filipjev, 1922
- Siphonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- Suborder Monhysterina
- Superfamily Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929
- Monhysteridae de Man, 1876
- Superfamily Sphaerolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951
- Superfamily Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929
- Suborder Linhomoeina
- Order Plectida
- Suborder Ceramonematina
- Superfamily Ceramonematoidea Cobb, 1933
- Ceramonematidae Cobb, 1933
- Diplopeltoididae Tchesunov, 1990
- Paramicrolaimidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Tarvaiidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Tubolaimoididae Lorenzen, 1981
- Superfamily Ceramonematoidea Cobb, 1933
- Incertae sedis
- Superfamily Haliplectoidea Chitwood, 1951
- Haliplectidae Chitwood, 1951
- Aegialoalaimidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Aulolaimidae Jairajpuri & Hopper, 1968
- Superfamily Haliplectoidea Chitwood, 1951
- Suborder Plectina
- Superfamily Camacolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1924
- Camacolaimidae Micoletzky, 1924
- Rhadinematidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Superfamily Leptolaimoidea Örley, 1880
- Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936
- Leptolaimidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Ohridioidea (Andrassy, 1976)
- Creagrocercidae Baylis, 1943
- Ohridiidae Andrássy, 1976
- Superfamily Plectoidea Örley, 1880
- Chronogastridae Gagarin, 1975
- Metateratocephalidae Eroshenko, 1973
- Plectidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Camacolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1924
- Suborder Ceramonematina
- 小杆線蟲目 Rhabditida
- Incertae sedis
- Brevibuccidae Paramonov, 1956
- Chambersiellidae Thorne, 1937
- Teratocephalidae Andrassy, 1958
- Suborder Myolaimina
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Andrassy, 1958
- Myolaimidae Andrassy, 1958
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Andrassy, 1958
- 小杆線蟲亞目 Rhabditina
- Infraorder Bunonematomorpha
- Superfamily Bunonematoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Bunonematidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Pterygorhabditidae Goodey, 1963
- Superfamily Bunonematoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Infraorder Diplogasteromorpha
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea Goodey, 1939
- Cylindrocorporidae Goodey, 1939
- Superfamily Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Cephalobiidae Filipjev, 1934
- Diplogasteridae Micoletzky, 1922
- Diplogasteroididae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941
- Mehdinematidae Farooqui, 1967
- Neodiplogasteridae Paramonov, 1952
- Pseudodiplogasteroididae Körner, 1954
- Superfamily Odontopharyngoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea Goodey, 1939
- Infraorder Rhabditomorpha
- Incertae sedis
- Agfidae Dougherty, 1955
- Carabonematidae Stammer & Wachek, 1952
- Superfamily Mesorhabditoidea Andrassy, 1976
- Mesorhabditidae Andrassy, 1976
- Peloderidae Andrassy, 1976
- Superfamily Rhabditoidea Örley, 1880
- Diploscapteridae Micoletzky, 1922
- Rhabditidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Strongyloidea Baird, 1853
- Ancylostomatidae Looss, 1905
- Diaphanocephalidae Travassos, 1920
- Heligmosomidae Cram, 1927
- Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1976
- Metastrongylidae Diesing, 1851
- Moleinidae Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1977
- Strongylidae Baird, 1853
- Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912
- Incertae sedis
- Infraorder Bunonematomorpha
- 旋尾亞目 Spirurina
- 蛔形下目 Ascaridomorpha
- 蛔蟲總科 Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853
- Acanthocheilidae Wülker, 1929
- 海獸胃線蟲科 Anisakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912
- 蛔蟲科 Ascarididae Baird, 1853
- Heterocheilidae Railliet & Henry, 1915
- Raphidascarididae Hartwich, 1954
- Superfamily Cosmocercoidea Travassos, 1925
- Atractidae Travassos, 1919
- Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925
- Kathlaniidae Travassos, 1918
- Superfamily Heterakoidea Railliet & Henry, 1912
- Ascaridiidae Travassos, 1919
- Aspidoderidae Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1947
- Heterakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912
- Superfamily Seuratoidea Railliet, 1906
- Chitwoodchabaudiidae Puylaert, 1970
- Cucullanidae Cobbold, 1864
- Quimperiidae Gendre, 1928
- Schneidernematidae Freitas, 1956
- Seuratidae Railliet, 1906
- Superfamily Subuluroidea Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- Maupasinidae Inglis, 1959
- Subuluridae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- 蛔蟲總科 Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853
- Infraorder Gnathostomatomorpha
- Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895
- Gnathostomatidae Railliet, 1895
- Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895
- Incertae sedis
- Superfamily Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907
- Anguillicolidae Yamaguti, 1935
- Daniconematidae Moravec & Køie, 1987
- Dracunculidae Stiles, 1907
- Guyanemidae Petter, 1975
- Micropleuridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- Skrjabillanidae Shigin & Shigina, 1958
- Superfamily Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907
- 尖尾線蟲下目 Oxyuridomorpha
- 尖尾線蟲總科 Oxyuroidea Cobbold, 1864
- Superfamily Thelastomatoidea Travassos, 1929
- Hystrignathidae Travassos, 1929
- Protrelloididae Chitwood, 1932
- Thelastomatidae Travassos, 1929
- Travassosinematidae Rao, 1958
- Infraorder Rhigonematomorpha
- Superfamily Ransomnematoidea Travassos, 1930
- Camoyidae Travassos & Kloss, 1960
- Hethidae Travassos & Kloss, 1960
- Ransomnematidae Travassos, 1930
- Superfamily Rhigonematoidea Artigas, 1930
- Ichthyocephalidae Travassos & Kloss, 1958
- Rhigonematidae Artigas, 1930
- Superfamily Ransomnematoidea Travassos, 1930
- 旋尾下目 Spiruromorpha
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- 华首科 Acuariidae Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- Aproctoidea Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- Aproctidae Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- Desmidocercidae Cram, 1927
- Camallanoidea Travassos, 1920
- Camallanidae Railliet & Henry, 1915
- 双三齿线虫总科 Diplotriaenoidea Anderson, 1958
- 双三齿线虫科 Diplotriaenidae Anderson, 1958:在Levin (1968)屬絲蟲總科
- Oswaldofilariidae Chabaud & Choquet, 1953
- 絲蟲總科 Filarioidea Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- 絲蟲科 Filariidae Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- 蟠尾絲蟲科 Onchocercidae Leiper, 1911
- Habronematoidea Ivaschkin, 1961
- Cystidicolidae Skrjabin, 1946
- Habronematidae Ivaschkin, 1961
- Hedruridae Railliet, 1916
- Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914
- 泡翼总科 Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893
- 泡翼科 Physalopteridae
- Rictularoidea Railliet, 1916
- Rictulariidae Railliet, 1916
- 旋尾总科 Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885
- Gongylonematidae Sobolev, 1949
- Hartertiidae Quentin, 1970
- Spirocercidae Chitwood & Wehr, 1932
- 旋尾科 Spiruridae Oerley, 1885
- 吸吮总科 Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915
- Pneumospiruridae Wu & Hu, 1938
- Rhabdochonidae Skrjabin, 1946
- 吸吮科 Thelaziidae Skrjabin, 1915
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- 蛔形下目 Ascaridomorpha
- Suborder Tylenchina
- Infraorder Cephalobomorpha
- Superfamily Cephaloboidea Filipjev, 1934
- Alirhabditidae Suryawanshi, 1971
- Bicirronematidae Andrassy, 1978
- Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934
- Elaphonematidae Heyns, 1962
- Osstellidae Heyns, 1962
- Superfamily Cephaloboidea Filipjev, 1934
- Infraorder Drilonematomorpha
- Superfamily Drilonematoidea Pierantoni, 1916
- Drilonematidae Pierantoni, 1916
- Homungellidae Timm, 1966
- Pharyngonematidae Chitwood, 1950
- Ungellidae Chitwood, 1950
- Superfamily Drilonematoidea Pierantoni, 1916
- Incertae sedis
- Superfamily Anguinoidea Nicoll, 1935
- Infraorder Panagrolaimomorpha
- Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937
- Panagrolaimidae Thorne, 1937
- Superfamily Strongyloidoidea Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Alloionematidae Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916
- Steinernematidae Filipjev, 1934
- Strongyloididae Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937
- Infraorder Tylenchomorpha
- 芽葉線蟲總科 Aphelenchoidea Fuchs, 1937[18]
- 有尾片芽葉線蟲科 Aphelenchidae Fuchs, 1937
- 少尾片芽葉線蟲科 Aphelenchoididae Skarbilovich, 1947
- Superfamily Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936
- Criconematidae Taylor, 1936
- Hemicycliophoridae Skarbilovich, 1959
- Tylenchulidae Skarbilovich, 1947
- Superfamily Myenchoidea Pereira, 1931
- Myenchidae Pereira, 1931
- Superfamily Sphaerularioidea Lubbock, 1861
- Anguinidae Nicoll, 1935
- Iotonchidae Goodey, 1935
- Neotylenchidae Thorne, 1941
- Sphaerulariidae Lubbock, 1861
- Superfamily Tylenchoidea Örley, 1880
- Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1959
- Dolichodoridae Chitwood, 1950
- Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934
- Meloidogynidae Skarbilovich, 1959
- Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949
- Tylenchidae Örley, 1880
- Infraorder Cephalobomorpha
- Incertae sedis
- Order Spirurida
- Suborder Camallanina
- Order Strongylida
- Superfamily Metastrongyloidea Lane, 1917
- Pseudaliidae Railliet & Henry, 1909
- Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea (Durette-Desset, 1985)
- Amidostomatidae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- Superfamily Metastrongyloidea Lane, 1917
刺嘴纲 Enoplea
矛線亚纲 Dorylaimia
- Order Dioctophymatida
- Suborder Dioctophymatina
- Dioctophymatidae Railliet, 1915
- Soboliphymatidae Petrov, 1930
- Suborder Dioctophymatina
- 矛線目 Dorylaimida
- 矛線亞目 Dorylaimina
- Superfamily Belondiroidea Thorne, 1964
- Belondiridae Thorne, 1939
- Superfamily Dorylaimoidea de Man, 1876
- Actinolaimidae Thorne, 1939
- Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965
- Dorylaimidae de Man, 1876
- Longidoridae Thorne, 1935
- Nordiidae Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1964
- Qudsianematidae Jairajpuri, 1965
- Incertae sedis
- Thornenematidae Siddiqi, 1969
- Thorniidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Tylencholaimoidea Filipjev, 1934
- Aulolaimoididae Jairajpuri, 1964
- Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935
- Mydonomidae Thorne, 1964
- Tylencholaimellidae Jairajpuri, 1964
- Tylencholaimidae Filipjev, 1934
- Superfamily Belondiroidea Thorne, 1964
- Suborder Nygolaimina
- Superfamily Nygolaimoidea Thorne, 1935
- Aetholaimidae Jairajpuri, 1965
- Nygellidae Andrassy, 1958
- Nygolaimellidae Clark, 1961
- Nygolaimidae Thorne, 1935
- Superfamily Nygolaimoidea Thorne, 1935
- 矛線亞目 Dorylaimina
- Order Isolaimida
- Superfamily Isolaimoidea Timm, 1969
- Isolaimiidae Cobb, 1920
- Superfamily Isolaimoidea Timm, 1969
- Order Marimermithida
- Marimermithidae Rubtzov & Platonova, 1974
- 索蟲目 Mermithida
- Suborder Mermithina
- Superfamily Mermithoidea Braun, 1883
- Mermithidae Braun, 1883
- Tetradonematidae Cobb, 1919
- Superfamily Mermithoidea Braun, 1883
- Suborder Mermithina
- 單齒目 Monochida
- Suborder Bathyodontina
- Superfamily Cryptonchoidea Chitwood, 1937
- Bathyodontidae Clark, 1961
- Cryptonchidae Chitwood, 1937
- Superfamily Mononchuloidea de Coninck, 1965
- Mononchulidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Cryptonchoidea Chitwood, 1937
- Suborder Mononchina
- Superfamily Anatonchoidea Jairajpuri, 1969
- Anatonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Incertae sedis
- Cobbonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Iotonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Superfamily Mononchoidea Filipjev, 1934
- Mononchidae Filipjev, 1934
- Mylonchulidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Superfamily Anatonchoidea Jairajpuri, 1969
- Suborder Bathyodontina
- Order Muspiceida
- Suborder Muspiceina
- Muspiceidae Bain & Chabaud, 1959
- Robertdollfusiidae Chabaud & Campana, 1950
- Suborder Muspiceina
- Order Trichinellida
- Superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907
- Anatrichosomatidae Yamaguti, 1961
- Capillariidae Railliet, 1915
- Cystoopsidae Skrjabin, 1923
- Trichinellidae Ward, 1907
- Trichosomoididae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- Trichuridae Railliet, 1915
- Superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907
刺嘴亚纲 Enoplia
- 刺嘴目 Enoplida
- Suborder Alaimina
- Superfamily Alaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Alaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Alaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Suborder Campydorina
- Superfamily Campydoroidea Jairajpuri, 1976
- Campydoridae (Thorne, 1935)
- Superfamily Campydoroidea Jairajpuri, 1976
- Suborder Dioctophymina
- 刺嘴亞目 Enoplina
- Superfamily Enoploidea Dujardin, 1845
- Anoplostomatidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974
- Anticomidae Filipjev, 1918
- Enoplidae Dujardin, 1845
- Phanodermatidae Filipjev, 1927
- Thoracostomopsidae Filipjev, 1927
- Superfamily Enoploidea Dujardin, 1845
- Incertae sedis
- Andrassyidae Tchesunov & Gagarin, 1999
- Suborder Ironina
- Superfamily Ironoidea de Man, 1876
- Ironidae de Man, 1876
- Leptosomatidae Filipjev, 1916
- Oxystominidae Chitwood, 1935
- Superfamily Ironoidea de Man, 1876
- Suborder Oncholaimina
- Superfamily Oncholaimoidea Filipjev, 1916
- Enchelidiidae Filipjev, 1918
- Oncholaimidae Filipjev, 1916
- Thalassogeneridae Orton Williams & Jairajpuri, 1984
- Superfamily Oncholaimoidea Filipjev, 1916
- Suborder Trefusiina
- Superfamily Trefusioidea Gerlach, 1966
- Lauratonematidae Gerlach, 1953
- Simpliconematidae Blome & Schrage, 1985
- Trefusiidae Gerlach, 1966
- Trischistomatidae Andrassy, 2007
- Xenellidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Trefusioidea Gerlach, 1966
- Suborder Trichinellina
- Suborder Tripyloidina
- Superfamily Tripyloidoidea Filipjev, 1928
- Tripyloididae Filipjev, 1918
- Superfamily Tripyloidoidea Filipjev, 1928
- Suborder Alaimina
- Order Triplonchida
- Suborder Diphtherophorina
- Superfamily Diphtherophoroidea Micoletzkyi, 1922
- Diphtherophoridae Micoletzky, 1922
- Trichodoridae Thorne, 1935
- Superfamily Diphtherophoroidea Micoletzkyi, 1922
- Incertae sedis
- Bastianiidae de Coninck, 1965
- Odontolaimidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974
- Suborder Tobrilina
- Superfamily Prismatolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Prismatolaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Tobriloidea Filipjev, 1918
- Pandolaimidae Belogurov, 1980
- Rhabdodemaniidae Filipjev, 1934
- Tobrilidae de Coninck, 1965
- Triodontolaimidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Prismatolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Suborder Tripylina
- Superfamily Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Tripylidae de Man, 1876
- Superfamily Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Suborder Diphtherophorina
Incertae sedis
- Order Benthimermithida
- Benthimermithidae Petter, 1980
- Order Rhaptothyreida
- Rhaptothyreidae Hope & Murphy, 1969
胞管腎綱 Secernentea
胞管腎綱之下的綱目計有[19]:
- 双胃亚纲 Diplogasteria:亦作雙胃線蟲亞綱,可能與Rhabditia為並系群[19]
- 雙胃目 Diplogasterida
- 小杆亚纲 Rhabditida:可能為並系群[19]
- 小桿目 Rhadditda:秀麗隱桿線蟲
- 圓線蟲目 Strongylida:亦作园线目,例如:廣東住血線蟲
- 旋尾亚纲 Spiruria
- 墊刃亚纲 Tylenchia:可能與Rhabditia為並系群[19]
- 滑刃目 Aphelenchida
- 墊刃目 Tylenchida
雙胃線蟲亞綱
雙胃線蟲亞綱(Diplogasteria)可能與Rhabditia為並系群[19]
- 雙胃線蟲目 Diplogasterida
- Suborder Chambersiellina Hodda 2007
- Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937
- Family Chambersiellidae Thorne 1937 (Sanwal 1957)
- Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937
- Suborder Diplogasterina Paramonov 1952
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939
- Family Cylindrocorporidae T. Goodey 1939
- Family Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky 1922
- Superfamily Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky 1922
- Family Cephalobiidae Travassos & Kloss 1960a
- Family Diplogasteridae Micoletzky 1922
- Family Diplogasteroididae Paramonov 1952
- Family Neodiplogasteridae Paramonov 1952
- Family Pseudodiplogasteroididae De Ley & Blaxter 2002
- Family Tylopharyngidae Filipjev 1918
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939
- Suborder Myolaimina Inglis 1983
- Superfamily Carabonematoidea Stammer & Wachek 1952
- Family Carabonematidae Stammer & Wachek 1952
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Goodey 1963
- Family Myolaimidae Goodey 1963
- Superfamily Carabonematoidea Stammer & Wachek 1952
旋尾亚纲
旋尾亚纲包括:
- 蛔目 Ascaridida:海獸胃線蟲
- 驼形目 Camallanida:有其他文獻歸入旋尾目
- Family Anguillicolidae
- Family Camallanidae
- Family Dracunculidae
- Family Micropleudidae
- Family Philometridae
- 蚓线目 Drilonematida:有其他文獻歸入旋尾目
- 尖尾目 Oxyurida (= Rhabdiasida):亦作尖尾線蟲目,例如:蟯蟲
- 里崗目 Rhigonematida:舊屬墊刃亚纲
- 旋尾目 Spirurida:麦地那龙线虫
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- Aproctoidea Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- 双三齿线虫总科 Diplotriaenoidea Anderson, 1958
- 絲蟲總科 Filarioidea Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea:現時屬於獨自的Gnathostomatomorpha下目
- Habronematoidea Ivaschkin, 1961
- 泡翼总科 Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893
- Rictularioidea Railliet, 1916
- 旋尾总科 Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885
- 吸吮总科 Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915
垫刃亚纲
垫刃亚纲(Tylenchia)包括:
- 滑刃目 Aphelenchida
- 滑刃总科 Aphelenchoidea
- Family Aphelenchidae
- Family Aphelenchoididae
- Family Myenchildae
- Family Paraphelenchidae
- 滑刃总科 Aphelenchoidea
- 垫刃目 Tylenchida
- Superfamily Criconematoidea
- Family Criconematidae
- Family Tylenchulidae
- 垫刃总科 Tylenchoidea
- Family Anguinidae
- Family Belonolaimidae
- Family Dolichodoridae
- Family Ecphyadophoridae
- Family Hoplolaimidae
- Family Heteroderidae
- Family Pratylenchidae
- 垫刃科 Tylenchidae
- Superfamily Sphaerularina
- Family Allantonematidae
- Family Fergusobiidae
- Family Iotonchiidae
- Family Parasitylenchidae
- Family Sphaerulariidae
- Superfamily Criconematoidea
過往分類及其理據
親緣支序學
線蟲及跟其他關係較為接近的原口动物的親緣關係尚未解決。 傳統上,線蟲動物被認為有其自己獨特的血統,但到了1990年代,有意見認為線蟲動物應與其他諸如節肢動物的被提出與蛻皮動物合組成為蛻皮動物總門(Ecdysozoa)。 過往一直認為與線蟲動物最接近的生物誰屬這個問題已有很好很好的解決了。 形態特徵和分子系統發育學的結果都認為寄生性的線形動物門(例如:馬毛蟲)跟圓蟲是姊妹分類單元,而這兩個分類單元共同組成了Nematoida。 連同有棘動物,線蟲動物與牠們共同組成了環神經動物類(Cycloneuralia,又或Introverta)物種現時被視為線蟲動物門之上的一個演化支,過往的分類如果承認這種劃分的話,一般將之歸類到了總門或超門級[20]。
Chitwood & Chitwood
早期最有影響力的分類系統是BG Chitwood & MB Chitwood 兄弟 (1933)[21]—然後四年後BG Chitwood又再修訂這個分類[22]—此分類系統將线虫分為無尾感器亞綱(Aphasmidia)及尾感器亞綱(Phasmidia)。 這兩個亞綱後來重新命名為有腺綱(Adenophorea)及胞管腎綱(Secernentea)[23]。 胞管腎綱有許多共同的特徵,包括具有尾感器,也就是一對在後方兩側之處的感覺器官,這也成為分類的基礎。因為無尾感器亞綱這個分類中還有些不同,因此也產生了許多後續不同的分類。
1961年山口分類
Yamaguti(1961)关于寄生在脊椎动物的线虫种类的分类系统
1965年陳心陶分類
陈心陶(1965年)关于线虫的分类位置及其类群系统
- 线形动物门
- 线吻动物亚门(Nemathorhyncha)
- 线形动物亚门(Nemathelmintha)
- 铁线虫纲(Gordiacea)
- 线虫纲(Nematoda)
- 尾感受器亚纲(Phasmidia)
- 杆形目(Rhabditida)
- 杆形亚目(Rhabditata)
- 小杆总科(Rhabditoidea)
- 蚓线总科(Drilonematoidea)
- 垫刃亚目(Tylenchata)
- 垫刃总科(Tylenchoidea)
- 滑刃总科(Aphelenchoidea)
- 园线亚目(Strongylata)
- 园线总科(Strongyloidea)
- 毛园线总科(Trichostrongyloidea)
- 后园线总科(Metastrongyloidea)
- 杆形亚目(Rhabditata)
- 蛔目(Ascaridida)
- 旋尾目(Spirurida)
- 旋尾亚目(Spirurata)
- 旋尾总科(Spiruroidea)
- 泡翼总科(Physalopteroidea)
- 华首总科(Acuarioidea)
- 吸吮总科(Thelazioidea)
- 丝虫亚目(Filariata)
- 驼形亚目(Camallanata)
- 驼形总科(Camallanoidea)
- 龙线总科(Dracunculoidea)
- 旋尾亚目(Spirurata)
- 杆形目(Rhabditida)
- 无尾感受器亚纲(Aphasmidia)
- 色矛目(Chromadorida)
- 色矛亚目(Chromadorata)
- 色矛总科(Chromadoroidea)
- 带首总科(Desmoscolecoidea)
- 带矛总科(Desmoderoidea)
- 单宫亚目(Monhysterata)
- 单宫总科(Monhysteroidea)
- 绕线总科(Plectoidea)
- 轴线总科(Axonolaimoidea)
- 色矛亚目(Chromadorata)
- 嘴刺目(Enoplida)
- 嘴刺亚目(Enoplata)
- 嘴刺总科(Enoploidea)
- 三孔总科(Tripyloidea)
- 矛线亚目(Dorylaimata)
- 矛线总科(Dorylaimoidea)
- 索总科(Mermithoidea)
- 鞭虫亚目(Trichurata)
- 囊样总科(Cystoopsioidea)
- 鞭虫总科(Trichuroidea)
- 膨结亚目(Dioctophymata)
- 嘴刺亚目(Enoplata)
- 色矛目(Chromadorida)
- 尾感受器亚纲(Phasmidia)
1968年Levin分類
Levin(1968)关于人畜寄生线虫的分类系统
- 泄腺纲(Secernentasida)
- 垫刃目(Tylenchorida)
- 垫刃总科(Tylenchicea)
- 杆形目(Rhabditorida)
- 小杆总科(Rhabditicea)
- 小杆科(Rhabditidae)
- 首叶科(Cephalobidae)
- 棒线总科(Rhabdiasicea)
- 类园线虫科(Strongyloididae)
- 小杆总科(Rhabditicea)
- 园线目(Strongylorida)
- 园线总科(Strongylicea)
- 钩口科(Ancylostomatidae)
- 园线科(Strongylidae)
- 比翼科(Syngamidae)
- 毛园总科(Trichostrongylicea)
- 毛园科(Trichostrongylidae)
- 后园线总科(Metastrongylicea)
- 后园线科(Metastrongylidae)
- 园线总科(Strongylicea)
- 蛔目(Ascaridorida)
- 旋尾目(Spirurorida)
- 旋尾总科(Spiruricea)
- 旋尾科(Spiruridae)
- 华首总科(Acuariicea)
- 华首科(Acuariidae)
- 吸吮总科(Thelaziicea)
- 吸吮科(Thelaziidae)
- 泡翼总科(Physaloptericea)
- 泡翼科(Physalopteridae)
- 丝虫总科(Filariicea)
- 丝虫科(Filariidae)
- 双三齿线虫科(Diplotriaenidae)
- 蟠尾丝虫科(Onchocercidae)
- 冠丝虫科(Stephanofilariidae)
- 旋尾总科(Spiruricea)
- 驼形目(Camallanorida)
- 龙线总科(Dracunculicea)
- 龙线科(Dracunculinae)
- 龙线总科(Dracunculicea)
- 垫刃目(Tylenchorida)
- 带腺纲(Adenophorasida)
- 矛线目(Dorylaimorida)
- 毛形总科(Trichinellicea)
- 鞭虫科(Trichuridae)
- 后毛体科(Anatrichosomatidae)
- 毛形科(Trichinellidae)
- 毛形总科(Trichinellicea)
- 膨结目(Dioctophymatorida)
- 膨结科(Dioctophymatidae)
- 索氏膨结科(Soboliphymatidae)
- 矛线目(Dorylaimorida)
1980年孔繁瑤分類
孔繁瑶教授关于线虫分类的意见(按孔教授1980年讲演材料)
- 尾感器亚纲(Phasmidia)
- 垫刃目(Tylenchoida)
-
- 垫刃总科(Tylenchoidea)
- 滑刃总科(Aphelenchoidea)
-
- 杆形目(Rhabditida)
- 杆形亚目(Rhabditina)
- 小杆总科(Rhabditoidea)
- 蛔亚目(Ascaridina)
- 蛔总科(Ascaroidea)
- 尖尾总科(Oxyuroidea)
- 园线亚目(Strongylina)
- 园线总科(Strongyloidea)
- 毛园总科(Trichostrongyloidea)
- 后园总科(Metastrongyloidea)
- 杆形亚目(Rhabditina)
- 旋尾目(Spirurida)
- 驼形亚目(Camallanina)
- 驼形总科(Camallanoidea)
- 龙线总科(Dracunculoidea)
- 旋尾亚目(Spirurina)
- 旋尾总科(Spiruroidea)
- 丝虫总科(Filarioidea)
- 驼形亚目(Camallanina)
- 垫刃目(Tylenchoida)
- 无尾感器亚纲(Aphasmidia)
- 矛线目(Dorylaimida)
- 矛线亚目(Dorylaimina)
- 矛线总科(Dorylaimoidea)
- 矛线亚目(Dorylaimina)
- 毛管目(Trichosyringida)
-
- 索线总科(Mermithoidea)
- 毛尾总科(Trichuroidea)
-
- 矛线目(Dorylaimida)
1981年Maggenti分類
Maggenti(1981)线虫分类意见
- 无尾感器纲(Aphasmida)或有腺纲(Adenophorea):
- 刺嘴亚纲(Enoplia)
- 刺嘴目(Enoplida):如:刺嘴虫(Enoplus)。
- 单齿目(Monochida):如:单齿虫(Monochus)。
- 矛线目(Dorylaimida):如:矛线虫(Dorylaimus)。
- 毛首目(Trichocephalida):如:鞭虫。
- 索虫目(Mermithida):如:无尾大雨虫(Agamermisdecaudata)、索虫(Mermis)。
- 色矛亚纲(Chromadoria)
- 色矛目(Chromadorida):如:色矛虫(Chromadora)。
- 疏毛目(Araeolaimida):如:绕线虫(Plectus)。
- 带线虫目(Desmocolecida):如:链头线虫(Desmoscolex)。
- 单宫目(Monohysterida):如:咽管线虫(Siphonolaimus)。
- 刺嘴亚纲(Enoplia)
- 尾感器纲(Phasmida)或胞管肾纲:分为3个亚纲。
1998年分類
早期的DNA 排序研究認為線蟲應該包括下列五個演化支[24]:
- Dorylaimia
- Enoplia
- Spirurina
- Tylenchina
- Rhabditina
As it seems, the Secernentea are indeed a natural group of closest relatives. But the "Adenophorea" appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage of roundworms simply retaining a good number of ancestral traits. The old Enoplia do not seem to be monophyletic either, but to contain two distinct lineages. The old group "Chromadoria" seem to be another paraphyletic assemblage, with the Monhysterida representing a very ancient minor group of nematodes.
在胞管腎綱(Secernentea)之下各個亞綱,雙胃線蟲亞綱(Diplogasteria)可能會與小桿亞綱(Rhabditia)合併,而Tylenchia亞綱可能與這個合併後的分類為並系群[19]。
2002年分類
由於對圓蟲的系統學及支序分類學的認識,使牠們的分類作下列更新:
2006年分類
基於對多種線蟲的小亞基rDNA序列幾乎全長的分析,線蟲被認為應該包含至少12個支序[25]: 包括秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)和幾乎所有主要動植物的寄生蟲在內的胞管腎綱冠群,在有腺綱內非常突出。
有關對線蟲動物門的系統學研究仍在改進中,這包括到分析959條線蟲的基因[26]。
現時世上所有線蟲物種的完整列表,可參看《World Species Index:Nematoda》這本書[27]。
2011年分類
來自Hodda (2011)對整個線蟲動物門的重新分類是這類動物最新的更新[28]。在這個更新裡,舊有的絕大多數分類都被歸到色矛綱(Chromadorea)之下;而與色矛綱同級的還有矛線綱(Dorylaimea)及刺嘴綱(Enoplea)[29]。
2013年分類
Liu等人 (2013)一項有關线粒体DNA的研究認為下列的分類為合理[30]:
- 矛線亚纲 Dorylaimia
- orders Rhabditida, Trichinellida and Mermithida
- suborder Rhabditina
- infraorders Spiruromorpha and Oxyuridomorpha
The Ascaridomorpha, Rhabditomorpha and Diplogasteromorpha appear to be related.
The suborders Spirurina and Tylenchina and the infraorders Rhabditomorpha, Panagrolaimomorpha and Tylenchomorpha are paraphytic.
The monophyly of the Ascaridomorph is uncertain.
注釋
參考文獻
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