向量测度

向量测度(vector measure)是数学名詞,是指針對集合族定義的函數,其值為滿足特定性質的向量。向量测度是测度概念的推廣,测度是針對集合定義的函數,函數的值只有非負的實數

定義及相關推論

給定集合域 巴拿赫空间 有限加性向量測度(finitely additive vector measure)簡稱測度,是一個滿足以下條件的函數:針對任二個內的不交集,下式均成立:

向量测度稱為可數加性(countably additive)若針對任意不交集形成的序列 ,都可以讓內的聯集滿足以下條件

等號右邊的级数會收斂到巴拿赫空间范数

可以證明向量測度有可數加性,若且唯若針對任何以上的序列,下式均成立

其中的範數。

Σ-代数中定義的可數加性向量测度,會比有限测度(测度的值為非負數)、有限有號測度(测度的值為實數)及複數测度(测度的值為複數)要廣泛。

舉例

考慮一個由區間的集合形成的場,以及此區間內所有勒贝格测度形成的族。針對任意集合,定義

其中指示函数。依的定義不同,會得到不同的結果。

  • 若是從Lp空间 的函數,是沒有可數加性的向量测度。
  • 若是從Lp空間 的函數,是有可數加性的向量测度。

依照上一節的判別基準(*)可以得到以上的結果。

向量测度的变差

給定向量测度,其变差(variation)定義如下

其中最小上界是針對所有,所有將划分到有限不交集的划分

此處,的範數。

的变差是有限可加函數,其值在之間,會使下式成立

針對任意在內的。若是有限的,則测度有有界变差(bounded variation)。可以證明若為具有有界变差的向量测度,則具有可數加性若且唯若具有可數加性。

李亞普諾夫定理

在向量测度的理論中,李亞普諾夫的定理提到non-atomic 向量测度的值域是闭集凸集[1][2][3] 。而且non-atomic 向量测度的值域是高维环面(zonoid,是闭集及凸集,是環帶多面體收斂序列的極限)[2]。李亞普諾夫定理有用在数理经济学[4][5]起停式控制控制理论[1][3][6][7]統計理論[7]。 李亞普諾夫定理已可以用Shapley–Folkman引理證明[8],後者可以視為是李亞普諾夫定理的离散化版本[7][9] [10]

參考資料

  1. Kluvánek, I., Knowles, G., Vector Measures and Control Systems, North-Holland Mathematics Studies 20, Amsterdam, 1976.
  2. Diestel, Joe; Uhl, Jerry J., Jr. . Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society. 1977. ISBN 0-8218-1515-6.
  3. Rolewicz, Stefan. . Mathematics and its Applications (East European Series) 29 Translated from the Polish by Ewa Bednarczuk. Dordrecht; Warsaw: D. Reidel Publishing Co.; PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers. 1987: xvi+524. ISBN 90-277-2186-6. MR 920371. OCLC 13064804.
  4. Aumann, Robert J. . Econometrica. January 1966, 34 (1): 1–17. JSTOR 1909854. MR 191623. doi:10.2307/1909854. This paper builds on two papers by Aumann:

    . Econometrica. January–April 1964, 32 (1–2): 39–50. JSTOR 1913732. MR 172689. doi:10.2307/1913732.

    . Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. August 1965, 12 (1): 1–12. MR 185073. doi:10.1016/0022-247X(65)90049-1.

  5. Vind, Karl. . International Economic Review 5 (2). May 1964: 165–77. JSTOR 2525560. Vind's article was noted by Debreu (1991, p. 4) with this comment:
    The concept of a convex set (i.e., a set containing the segment connecting any two of its points) had repeatedly been placed at the center of economic theory before 1964. It appeared in a new light with the introduction of integration theory in the study of economic competition: If one associates with every agent of an economy an arbitrary set in the commodity space and if one averages those individual sets over a collection of insignificant agents, then the resulting set is necessarily convex. [Debreu appends this footnote: "On this direct consequence of a theorem of A. A. Lyapunov, see Vind (1964)."] But explanations of the ... functions of prices ... can be made to rest on the convexity of sets derived by that averaging process. Convexity in the commodity space obtained by aggregation over a collection of insignificant agents is an insight that economic theory owes ... to integration theory. [Italics added]
    Debreu, Gérard. . The American Economic Review. 81, number 1 (Presidential address delivered at the 103rd meeting of the American Economic Association, 29 December 1990, Washington, DC). March 1991: 1–7. JSTOR 2006785.
  6. Hermes, Henry; LaSalle, Joseph P. . Mathematics in Science and Engineering 56. New York—London: Academic Press. 1969: viii+136. MR 420366.
  7. Artstein, Zvi. . SIAM Review 22 (2). 1980: 172–185. JSTOR 2029960. MR 564562. doi:10.1137/1022026.
  8. Tardella, Fabio. . SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 28 (2). 1990: 478–481. MR 1040471. doi:10.1137/0328026.
  9. Starr, Ross M. . Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. (编). Second. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008: 317–318 (1st ed.) [2018-12-16]. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1518. (原始内容存档于2017-03-16).
  10. Page 210: Mas-Colell, Andreu. . Journal of Mathematical Economics 5 (3). 1978: 207–215. MR 514468. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(78)90010-1.

書籍

  • Cohn, Donald L. reprint. BostonBaselStuttgart: Birkhäuser Verlag. 1997: IX+373 [1980]. ISBN 3-7643-3003-1. Zbl 0436.28001.
  • Diestel, Joe; Uhl, Jerry J., Jr. . Mathematical Surveys 15. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society. 1977: xiii+322. ISBN 0-8218-1515-6.
  • Kluvánek, I., Knowles, G, Vector Measures and Control Systems, North-Holland Mathematics Studies 20, Amsterdam, 1976.
  • van Dulst, D., , Hazewinkel, Michiel (编), , Springer, 2001, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
  • Rudin, W. . New York: McGraw-Hill. 1973: 114.

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