巴力西卜

巴力西卜（Beelzebub 或 Beel-Zebub），又譯為別西卜，天主教譯為贝耳则步，意思為“蒼蠅王”，非利士人的神，新約聖經中稱別西卜為「魔王」，聖經中七大罪的暴食。傳說祂原本是熾天使中聖歌隊的成員，在創世記戰爭中戰敗而墮落。惡魔學裡認爲他是地獄的最高統帥，約翰·彌爾頓將其描繪成是外貌威嚴的智者，是最強大的墮天使。

《天路歷程》中的巴力西卜

語源

“Beelzebub”一詞來自《列王紀》（2 Kings 1:2–3, 6, 16），希伯來聖經原文作“Ba'al Zəbûb”，是非利士人崇拜的神。一般的说法是“Ba'al Zəbûb”直译即“苍蝇王”[1][2][3][4][5]，这可能与非利士人崇拜蒼蠅的習俗有關[6]。烏加里特人也認為別西卜（烏加里特語：Baal）會驅使蒼蠅、使人得病[6]。

“Beelzebul”一詞則來自《所罗门之约》，這裡它作為魔王（Prince of Demons）和原天使統領出現。這可能是路西法的另一種稱呼。[7]

此外，別西卜還也見於聖經的其他章節中，如《馬太福音》第十二章：

耶稣知道他们的意念，就对他们说：凡一国自相纷争，就成为荒场；一城一家自相纷争，必站立不住；

若撒但赶逐撒但，就是自相纷争，他的国怎能站得住呢？

我若靠着别西卜赶鬼，你们的子弟赶鬼又靠着谁呢？这样，他们就要断定你们的是非。

我若靠着神的灵赶鬼，这就是神的国临到你们了。

文學中的形象

《失樂園》中寫著別西卜由熾天使墮天後，在撒旦名號的爭奪戰之中有很高的聲望，因此他的名氣只在路西法之後，地位就等同於地獄宰相，別西卜有著統領眾鬼的權力，所以被稱為鬼王，而蒼蠅王的形態亦是很有名的。

科兰·戴·布兰西在『地獄辭典』第6版插畫描述的巴力西卜（1863年，巴黎）

次文化

漫畫《惡魔奶爸》 — 日本作家田村隆平以此所著的漫畫。
漫畫《魔王經紀人》 — comico 作家黑夏以此為參考所著的漫畫。
漫畫《鬼燈的冷徹》—日本作家江口夏實以此所著的漫畫。
輕小說《約會大作戰》——反轉精靈本條二亞的魔王〈神蝕篇帙〉（Beelzebub）。
漫畫《召喚惡魔》 — 日本作家久保保久以惡魔為故事題材所著之漫畫。
漫畫《B之食卓》 — 日本作家天道糖以惡魔與地獄美食為故事題材所著之漫畫。
遊戲《暗黑破壞神2》—最終魔王巴爾，也是迪亞布羅兄長之一的一位魔王。
動畫/遊戲《數碼寶貝》— 別西卜獸/墮天地獄獸
漫畫《只要別西卜大小姐喜歡就好》 — 日本作家matoba以惡魔為故事題材所著之漫畫。
輕小說《持續狩獵史萊姆三百年，不知不覺就練到LV MAX》——別西卜，魔族的農業大臣。
遊戲《Helltaker》 — 別西卜遊戲旁白，隱藏結局的人物

參考文獻

Herrmann. . Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. (编). 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.
Arndt, W.; Danker, F. W.; Bauer, W. . 3rd (173). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2000. Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of those who are capable of flying (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).
Balz, H. R.; Schneider, G. 1 (211). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 1990. 1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba'al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel's King Ahaziah requested an oracle.
Lewis. . Freedman, D. N. (编). 1 (639). New York, NY: Doubleday. 1996. The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean "lord of flies" (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, "Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron"; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian).
Herrmann. . Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. (编). 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston, MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. On the basis zebub, 'flies', the name of the god was interpreted as 'Lord of the flies'; it was assumed that he was a god who could cause or cure diseases.
Freedman, David Noel. . Eerdmans. 2000: 137. ISBN 9780802824004.
. 由F. C. Conybeare翻译 . . Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University of Pennsylvania Press). October 1898, 11 (1) [July 17, 2018].

外部連接

Catholic Encyclopedia: Beelzebub
Jewish Encyclopedia: Beelzebub

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[1] Herrmann. . Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. (编). 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.

[2] Arndt, W.; Danker, F. W.; Bauer, W. . 3rd (173). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2000. Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of those who are capable of flying (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).

[3] Balz, H. R.; Schneider, G. 1 (211). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 1990. 1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba'al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel's King Ahaziah requested an oracle.

[4] Lewis. . Freedman, D. N. (编). 1 (639). New York, NY: Doubleday. 1996. The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions. The variant reading Beelzebub (Syriac translators and Jerome) reflects a long-standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Baalzebub (Heb ba˓al zĕbûb) seems to mean "lord of flies" (HALAT, 250, but cf. LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn, "Baal-Fly, god of Akkaron"; Ant 9:2, 1 theon muian).

[5] Herrmann. . Toorn, K. v. d.; Becking, B.; Horst, P. W. v. d. (编). 2nd extensively rev. (154). Leiden; Boston, MA; Grand Rapids, MI: Brill; Eerdmans. 1999. On the basis zebub, 'flies', the name of the god was interpreted as 'Lord of the flies'; it was assumed that he was a god who could cause or cure diseases.

[Eerdmans2000-6] Freedman, David Noel. . Eerdmans. 2000: 137. ISBN 9780802824004.

[7] . 由F. C. Conybeare翻译 . . Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University of Pennsylvania Press). October 1898, 11 (1) [July 17, 2018].