水原华城

城牆的長度為5.74公里（3.57英里），長度介乎於4至6米（13-20英尺）之間，最初包圍約1.3平方公里（0.5平方英里）的土地。[7] 在平坦的地形上，建造的城牆通常比通過兩個山丘中的任何一個都高，因為較高的城牆被認為不太需要沿著山頂。護欄由石頭和磚製成，像大多數山城一樣，身高1.2米（4英尺）。所有部件維護良好，整個城牆都可以方便地行走。

1795年的堡壘有四個門：長安門（北門），華西門（西），八達門（南）和蒼龍門（東）。當中長安門和八達門是四大門之中最大的兩個，它們與漢城南大門的屋頂設計，所選用的石材和木材極為相似。事實上，長安門是韓國最大的城門。北門和南門均設有兩層的木製城楼，華西門和蒼龍門分別位於西門和東門，只有一層。 四個主要的大門都被由守衛人員組成的小型堡壘圍護著。

如今，水原「內城」需要大量居民和遊客所需的現代化道路。這些大型道路是在城牆建成的過程中建成的，1975年的重建工程中只能保留這些道路。對於其中三條步道來說，這些步道已經被重建為兩個相鄰結構之間的橋樑：

• 進入北門的橋樑介乎北門長安門和北東敵臺之間
• 進入東門的橋樑介乎東北弩臺與東北空心墩之間
• 進入西門的橋樑介乎西門華西門與西北空心墩之間。此外，與八達山相關的兩個小地下通道也被保留。它們分別位於西1炮塔和南炮塔附近。

至於最大南入口，已經使用了更為激進的解決方案。四個結構（西南和東南門防守平台，南暗門和南空心墩）根本沒有重建，現在的南門八達門仍然與華城其他部分隔絕，平日被一大堆交通工具所包圍。

在水原華城城牆上的所有結構（見下面的描述）中，最引人注目的是

• 水門
• 剩餘的兩個烽墩，而兩層至三層樓和獨特的木製涼亭就在頂部，並擁有槍支射擊和監視的銃眼。
• 空心墩，它有五個煙囪可以使煙霧或火焰發出不同的信號。當一個人煙囪被點燃是當是區域表明和平，兩個煙囪意味著敵人被發現，三個煙囪警告說敵人即將到來，四個煙囪意思是敵人已經進入城市，五個煙囪同時亮起來是一場警戒，戰鬥已經開始了。

因為漢字在朝鮮語的發迿會出現同音異義，而砲樓和鋪樓在諺文的發音都是포루，因而產生華城幾個設防結構的命名衝突。根據官方權威文件《華城城役議軌》 (1801年), 為華城不同種類的設防結構取不同的名稱是方便分類。這樣就可以將砲台和鋪樓分類。 以下圖片集展示了這些結構在設計中的差異及作用性:

• 
  東:
  東砲樓
  동砲樓
• 
  東北:
  東北砲樓
  북동砲樓
• 
  西北:
  西北砲樓
  북서砲樓
• 
  西:
  西砲樓
  서砲樓
• 
  南:
  南砲樓
  남砲樓

• 
  東2:
  東二鋪樓
  동2鋪樓
• 
  東1:
  東一鋪樓
  동1鋪樓
• 
  東北:
  東北鋪樓
  북동鋪樓
• 
  北:
  北鋪樓
  북鋪樓
• 
  西:
  西鋪樓
  서鋪樓

37°16′39″N 127°01′01″E
八達門 （韓語：），通常被稱為南門 （韓語：），坐落於水原市中心要道之圓環上。 Its stone base is capped with a two-storey wooden pavilion surrounded by a stone wall. A small, semi-circular protective wall known as an ongseong, is located on the south side (outside) of the gate. The gate also houses a bell called Paldalmun Dongjong, which was originally cast in Gaeseong in 1080 and was refounded in 1687 by Dohwaseung, the chief priest of Manuisa Temple, for use in Buddhist ceremonies. 123 cm tall and 75 cm in diameter, it hangs from a dragon-shaped suspension ring, has a flue pipe to set the tone and has a slightly curved body - features which are typical of Korean bells of that era. This particular bell's flue pipe has a design of the dragon's tail entwined around it and is topped with a lotus flower. The top of the bell has a line of Sanskrit words around it, while the bottom is decorated with arabesque designs. The decorative nipples are interspaced with Bodisattvas holding lotus flowers. The bell is very similar in design to that in Tongdosa, which differs notably from Paldalmun's only in size.[12]

由於在韓戰期間八達門倖免於難，所以沒有經歷與城牆上其他結構的廣泛重建。 因此，一些橫樑已經廣泛下垂，所以自2010年9月開始，八達門正在進行全面拆除，修理和重新組裝門的屋頂。[13]

• 
  看不到交通工具的八達門南面和內城
• 
  西面的黃昏的
• 
  東面的夜晚
• 
  從東南角樓的屋頂看

華城南北門兩旁都設有敵臺。今天只剩下北門(長安門)得以保留。

• 
  A:八達門; B:西南敵臺 & 東南敵臺; C:東南空心墩; D:南水門

此門已經消失。

• 
  儀軌設計圖

南空心墩, like that standing by Hwaseomun, was an observation tower standing beside the Suwoncheon. It is part of the section of Hwaseong which has not been restored.

• 
  Uigwe picture

南水門, meaning South Floodgate, sat across the Suwoncheon at the downstream end of the city walls. The gate was a little over a kilometre from Hwahongmun, the gate at the upstream end. Construction began on February 28, 1794, was interrupted, but continued in November 1795, the structure being completed on March 25, 1796, but having been fully operational since completion of its basic structure on January 16 that year. The bridge had nine arches for the water to flow beneath: two more than Hwahongmun because of increase in flow. Above the bridge there was a large brick structure instead of the usual gatehouse, as this section of Hwaseong was one of the most vulnerable. This took up two thirds of the space above the arches, the remaining third being the bridge.

This gate was swept away in a flood in 1846. It was restored but washed away again by a flood in 1922. During the general restoration of the Fortress in 1975, no consensus was obtained on how to rebuild the gate, and the area remained reserved in its ancient status.

The issue arose again during the rehabilitation of the entire Suwon Stream, inside and outside the Fortress, that was initiated in 2006. [14]

Concerning Namsumun, the restoration was launched in June 2010 and the restored floodgate is 29.4m long, 5.9m wide and 9.3m high. The inauguration was 2012-6-9. [15]

• 
  The Suwoncheon at the site of Namsumun (2008)
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′42″N 127°01′11″E
東南角樓, sits on top of a small rise above the former location of Namsumun. Its location serves its purpose as a lookout tower well, as much of Hwaseong and the area outside to the south and east can been seen from here.

• 
  The north side
• 
  Flag flying beside the pavilion reading 巡視.
• 
  The exterior
• 
  At night
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′44″N 127°01′13″E
Dongsam Chi, the third eastern turret, lies halfway from the south-east pavilion to the second eastern sentry post. Like other turrets, it extends a short distance perpendicularly from the wall to enable guards to see and attack assailants who had already reached the fortress.

• 
  Looking towards Dongnam Gangnu
• 
  The south-east corner
• 
  Seen from outside

37°16′49″N 127°01′14″E
Dong-i Poru, the second eastern sentry post, like other sentry posts, is a wooden structure sitting on a turret. Construction of this post was completed on July 3, 1796 and it was intended to defend the beacon tower. For this purpose, it extends further out from the wall than the north-western sentry post. It also lacks wooden front doors.

• 
  The steps
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′53″N 127°01′17″E
烽墩, the beacon tower, sits midway from Paldalmun to Changnyongmun. It is located intentionally in direct line with Haenggung so that the king could see its signals. Smokes and lights were used to signal the state of threats. The southernmost of its five chimneys was used during peacetime.

• 
  North side
• 
  Seen from Dong-i Chi
• 
  Doorway
• 
  From the wall
• 
  Northern chimneys from inside
• 
  Southern chimney from inside
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′57″N 127°01′20″E
東二雉, the second eastern turret, like the other nine turrets around Hwaseong, allowed soldiers to look out in many directions along the exterior of the wall. Unlike the other two eastern turrets, the outer corners of this structure are rounded, the others forming sharp right angles.

• 
  The north side
• 
  The exterior

37°17′01″N 127°01′23″E
東砲樓, the eastern GunTower, lies between the two eastern turrets. Construction of the post was completed on July 16, 1796. As with other GunTowers in Hwaseong, the interior is of multiple levels to allow various angles for firearms and other weapons.

• 
  The entrance
• 
  Seen from Dong-i Chi
• 
  Seen through a hole in Dong-i Chi
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′05″N 127°01′27″E
Dong-il Chi, the first eastern turret, is the first turret south of the first eastern sentry post, lying 148（486英尺） along the wall towards the beacon tower.

• 
  Inside the turret
• 
  The exterior
• 

37°17′09″N 127°01′28″E
Dongil-SentryPost, the first eastern sentry post, was completed on July 10, 1796. Like the second eastern sentry post, it extends further from the wall than most posts.

• 
  Looking south from the post
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′16″N 127°01′31″E
蒼龍門 (창룡문), 通常被稱為東門 (동문),它位處在一個主要的路口。它的石頭基座上蓋著數層木製的亭子。朝鮮戰爭期間東門被摧毀，及後在1975年進行重建。

• 
  西面
• 
  西面的夜景
• 
  南面
• 
  東面
• 
  從內部觀看角度
• 
  從內部觀看角度

37°17′20″N 127°01′31″E
Dongbuk Nodae is one of two crossbow platforms in the fortress and is situated within reach of the east gate and has a wide field of view as it sits on a corner of the wall, enabling archers to target assailants from many angles.

• 
  Inside face seen from the south
• 
  The north corner of the outside face
• 
  Dongbuk Nodae and Dongbuk Gongsimdon seen from outside the walls
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′22″N 127°01′28″E
東北空心墩，意指東北瞭望臺，位於蒼龍門對面。外表呈橢圓形，樓高 6.8（22英尺），三層。可沿著旋轉形樓梯直達天臺。

• 
  從東面展望
• 
  從西南面展望
• 
  西南方夜景
• 
  西南方夜景近觀
• 
  從城牆展望
• 
  從窗外望向旋轉形樓梯
• 
  儀軌圖

37°17′18″N 127°01′23″E
Dongjangdae, meaning eastern command post, stands next to Dongbuk Gongsimdon, facing Changnyongmun across an archery field. When the king was in residence in Haenggung, within the fortress walls, there were two generals and four soldiers on guard in this command post at all times. (There were five night shifts.) Each officer was armed with a bow and arrow, sword and baton. The command post is nicknamed Yeonmudae, a reference to its second function as a training camp.

• 
  The southern side
• 
  Nighttime view of the southern side
• 
  The eastern side
• 
  Annexe just below the main building
• 
  Gateway on the western side

37°17′14″N 127°01′17″E
東暗門，為東端暗門， 位於東將臺 140（459英尺）之上 , was used for passage of people, animals and munitions. Construction of the gate, which sits beneath a brick structure surmounted with a large round parapet, was completed on March 25, 1796.

• 
  Outside face
• 
  Outside face seen from the north-east
• 
  Door seen from outside
• 
  Inside face
• 
  Interior seen from the west
• 
  The interior seen from the wall to the west
• 
  The exterior seen from the wall to the west
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′15″N 127°01′11″E
東北舖樓位於北部和東部的暗門之間，保護了他們的郊外。 這個結構不能與北東砲樓（韓語：）混淆。

• 
  儀軌圖

37°17′14″N 127°01′07″E
北暗門（韓語：），官方稱為第3北暗門（韓語：）是三個原結構中唯一剩下的暗門。它靠近東北角樓。

• 
  暗門和東北角樓
• 
  從城牆上看到的北暗門
• 
  外部
• 
  內部
• 
  儀軌圖

37°17′15″N 127°01′06″E
The north-east pavilion is known as Dongbuk Gangnu and nicknamed Banghwasuryujeong. It sits above Yongyeon, a pond surrounded by a small garden. It was originally intended to be the second battle command post, though its scenic location made it a place favoured instead for feasts.

• 
  Daytime view
• 
  Nighttime view
• 
  Seen from the Suwoncheon
• 
  Closeup
• 
  Seen from Yongyeon
• 
  Outflow from Yongyeon a few metres downstream from Hwahongmun
• 
  Level view
• 
  Closeup of wall
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′15″N 127°01′04″E
Hwahongmun, otherwise known as Buksumun, is the gate under which the Suwoncheon flows on entering the area encompassed by Hwaseong and exited through Namsumun. The gate has the obvious function of being a bridge, but also housed cannons for defensive purposes. The Suwoncheon was widened at this point and the gate has seven arches through which it passes.

• 
  The north side
• 
  From the path beside the Suwoncheon (upstream)
• 
  The north side in snow
• 
  View downstream
• 
  The south side in snow
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′19″N 127°01′00″E
Bukdong-GunTower sits between Janganmun and Hwahongmun. This tower controls the North-East outskirts of the Fortress, and protects Hwahongmun. It was completed on September 23, 1794. Not to be confused with 동북포루, the East-North SentryPost.

• 
  From the west
• 
  The west side
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′21″N 127°00′54″E
北東雉（韓語：），是位處東北的雉樓。坐落於北東敵臺的東邊。

• 
  從城牆內

37°17′21″N 127°00′53″E
Bukdong Jeokdae is a platform immediately to the east of Janganmun. It housed a cannon to protect the gate and its ongseong.

• 
  See from the west in snow
• 
  Outside

37°17′20″N 127°00′51″E
長安門 （韓語：），通常被稱為北門 （韓語：），為南韓最大城門。亦有部分人稱之全球最大， as it is through this gate that visitors from Seoul will have entered Suwon and this would be in keeping with King Jeongjo's original desire to move the capital of the country to Suwon. Janganmun's stone base is capped with a two-storey wooden pavilion. A small, semi-circular protective wall known as an ongseong, is located outside the gate. The gate was destroyed in the Korean War and reconstructed in the 1970s.

• 
  Nighttime view of the interior face
• 
  Nighttime view of the roof
• 
  Seen from Bukseo Jeokdae
• 
  Seen from Bukseo Jeokdae in snow
• 
  The ongseong
• 
  View from inside Janganmun

37°17′19″N 127°00′49″E
Bukseo Jeokdae is a platform immediately to the west of Janganmun. It housed a cannon to protect the gate and its ongseong.

• 
  The west side

37°17′14″N 127°00′44″E
Bukseo-GunTower is adjacent to Bukseo Jeokdae. Made from black bricks, it is divided into three storeys internally by boards. Firearms were secreted on these floors. The roof is unusual in design, being gabled on the inner side (towards the wall) and angled to the outer side (away from the wall). Construction was completed on September 24, 1794.

• 
  The west side
• 
  The south side
• 
  The roof
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′14″N 127°00′44″E
Buk-SentryPost is another Sentry Post containing hidden firearms. This is closer to Hwaseomun than to Janganmun. Today a tourist information centre and public toilet stand on the north side of the structure. Construction was completed on February 20, 1795.

• 
  The west side
• 
  The east side
• 
  Seen from outside
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′09″N 127°00′34″E
Seobuk Gongsimdon is an observation tower standing directly adjacent to Hwaseomun, giving it the obvious function of being a lookout post to protect the gate. Built from bricks on three sides, its inside is partitioned into three storeys with two wooden floors, from which soldiers could fire cannons and other firearms. It is said that, in 1797, on visiting Suwon, King Jeongjo claimed to his companions that this was the first gongsimdon in Korea. Its construction was completed on March 10, 1796.

• 
  From outside Hwaseomun in snow
• 
  From the wall
• 
  Hwaseomun and the tower
• 
  From the south-west
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′08″N 127°00′35″E
華西門 (韓語：)是華城的西門。它的石頭基座上蓋著一層層的木製亭子。

• 
  從外面看雪地的城牆
• 
  華西門、北門砲樓、北舖樓和長安門
• 
  夜景
• 
  南面觀看西門
• 
  內部的雪景
• 
  內部的雪景
• 
  內部

37°17′04″N 127°00′30″E
Seobuk Gangnu, facing a hill known as Sukjisan, is the lookout post immediately anti-clockwise from Hwaseomun. With less of a wide field of view than from the other side of the gate, it is shorter than the gongsimdon a short distance to the north-east. The pavilion's ground floor is fitted with an under-floor heating system.

• 
  The west side
• 
  A corner of the pavilion
• 
  Seen from outside the walls in snow
• 
  Seen from outside
• 
  View from Seobuk Gangnu
• 
  The interior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°17′02″N 127°00′29″E
Seo-il Chi, meaning West Turret 1, is a small bulge in the wall to allow soldiers to fire upon anyone attempting to scale Hwaseong from the outside.

• 
  The south side
• 
  The turret and Seobuk Gangnu
• 
  The interior
• 
  Seobuk Gangnu (left) and Seoil Chi (right)

37°16′57″N 127°00′31″E
Seo-GunTower sits partway up the hill named Paldalsan when heading anti-clockwise from Hwaseomun to Seojangdae. It controls the outskirts of Mount Paldal, and protects the Western Command Post (seojangdae). It was completed on May 30, 1796, and was one of Hwaseong's most heavily armed posts. This structure shall not be confused with the Seo-SentryPost.

• 
  The south side
• 
  The exterior
• 
  The exterior
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′54″N 127°00′34″E
Seo-i Chi, the second turret on the west of Hwaseong, stands just below Seonodae on the slopes of Paldalsan. Its purpose, as with any turret, was to provide a location to attack people trying to scale the walls.

• 
  The south side
• 
  The interior
• 
  The Exterior

37°16′51″N 127°00′36″E
Seonodae is an octagonal, steep-stepped, black brick platform directly adjacent to Seojangdae at the crest of Paldalsan when heading uphill from Hwaseomun. From here, archers could attack assailants in a wide range of directions and facing downhill, too.

• 
  Seen from the front
• 
  Seen from the side
• 
  Original piece of wall by Seonodae
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′51″N 127°00′36″E
Seojangdae, meaning western command post, sits atop Paldalsan, a small hill over which the higher section of Hwaseong runs. Seojangdae was destroyed by a fire in 1996 and was reconstructed afterwards. However, on May 1, 2006, an arsonist attacked Seojangdae. The arsonist reportedly caused the fire by lighting his clothes and underwear with a cigarette lighter. The fire caused about ₩6 billion in damage (about $6 million), destroying the upper floor of the watchtower. Seojangdae was reconstructed in 2007.

• 
  Nighttime view
• 
  Daytime view
• 
  View from Seonodae

37°16′49″N 127°00′36″E
Seoammun, the West Secret Gate, lies 50（164英尺） south of Seojangdae. Sitting on a forested part of the ridge of the hill Paldalsan, it was designed to provide access in and out under cover. Today, it is easily accessible from the road outside, being located near Jindallae (Azalea) Public Toilets.

• 
  Interior side
• 
  The outside
• 
  Closeup of door
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′45″N 127°00′35″E
Seo-SentryPost sits on a turret projecting from the wall 140（459英尺）. It controls and protects the West Secret Gate that sits immediately southwards. The structure was completed on August 18, 1796. This structure shall not be confused with the Seo-GunTower, which sits on the other side of Seojangdae.

• 
  The south side
• 
  Steps
• 
  Panelling

37°16′39″N 127°00′39″E
Seosam Chi, the third western turret, has the same function as the other nine turrets around Hwaseong. It sits just north of the south-western spur.

• 
  The south side
• 
  The entrance
• 
  The interior
• 
  Seen from outside

37°16′38″N 127°00′42″E
Seonam Ammun is the beginning of a path to Seonam Gangnu, the south-western pavilion. The gate used to contain a house known as a posa, and Seonam Posa, the south-western posa, sat above the gate, enabling soldiers to keep watch and issue alerts.

• 
  Seen from the spur (Original wall visible)
• 
  The upper section
• 
  Seen from Yongdo
• 
  Seen from outside
• 
  Uigwe picture

37°16′35″N 127°00′43″E
為了控制沿著八達山的山脊，華城堡壘有一個甬道。它始於山頂的西南暗門，經過八達山的西南端，最後到達西南角樓，又名華陽樓（韓語：）。如今這個位置提供了飽覽水原市的大景觀，包括水原站。

• 
  西南角樓最高點
• 
  由西南角樓看東北
• 
  西南角樓東北方向
• 
  西南角樓內部

37°16′34″N 127°00′44″E
兩個雉樓位於西南暗門到西南角樓方向的中間。它在暗門右側，西南一雉（서남일치）延伸至華城西部，俯瞰著水原市向西湖方湖。它也被稱為勇道西雉（용도서치）。

• 
  西雉樓的勇道

37°16′32″N 127°00′44″E
西南角樓（韓語：），華陽樓（韓語：）,位於西南暗門的尖端，可以看到許多水原建築，包括水原站。

• 
  從南面
• 
  甬道盡頭的西南角
• 
  地面
• 
  儀軌圖

37°16′35″N 127°00′44″E
這兩個雉樓位於西南暗門的西南方向到西南角樓的中間。即在西南角樓的右邊，西南二稚（서남이치）一直往東延伸，俯瞰著南部八達門的城牆（現在八達山上已經變得樹木茂盛了，但現在看不到）。它通常被稱為甬道東雉 (용도동치)。

• 
  甬道東雉

37°16′38″N 127°00′48″E
南砲樓（韓語：）坐在甬道和南堡樓之間，並控制堡壘的郊區，，特別接近八達門。

• 
  東面
• 
  西面
• 
  華城外角度
• 
  儀軌圖

37°16′38″N 127°00′52″E
南雉（韓語：），南雉樓（韓語：）,位處八達門上的八達山山坡上的城牆上，突然出現於南砲樓下面。

• 
  西面部分
• 
  西面的特寫

當時南北門兩旁都是守衛臺。今天，只剩下北門守衛臺保留下來。

在三月至十一月的每個星期六下午二時舉行各種傳統表演。

二十四武術表演是按照正祖國王時代他所採用的慣例而進行的演示。二十四武術表演在1790年由李德木和朴齊家以及武術大家白東秀（韓語：）製作武術教學的教科書，教科書大多內容是由朝鮮王朝的藝術所組成的。這些武術是由華城的士兵在壯勇營（장용엉）的監督下所練習的。示範活動由3月至11月11日（星期一除外）每天早上11時，而12月僅在星期六和星期日舉行。

這個儀式是在重建十九世紀九十年代在華城的皇家衛隊儀式，由被提拔為「訓練守衛」（韓語：）的皇室衛兵。當時在韓國最大的軍營中有一萬二千人守衛。當正祖國王於1789年將他父親的遺體搬到水原時，他命名為顯隆園（韓語：），並派兵從這個營中守衛新園址。1793年將水原城的名稱從水原地改為華城，在牆內修建了一個附屬於華城的壯勇營（韓語：）。根據華城的官方網站表示，這個表演將從3月到11月每個星期日的下午2點舉行。