胡椒属

胡椒属植物在经济和生态方面都很重要，包括大约有1,000-2,000余种，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小乔木，胡椒科植物既不属于双子叶植物也不属于单子叶植物，和三白草科亲源关系较近，在胡椒科内，胡椒属和草胡椒属的亲源关系较近。

胡椒属
P. magnificum
科学分类
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 木兰类植物 Magnoliids
目： 胡椒目 Piperales
科： 胡椒科 Piperaceae
属： 胡椒属 Piper
L.
种

1000–2000

異名
  • Anderssoniopiper Trel.
  • Arctottonia Trel.
  • Artanthe Miq.
  • Chavica Miq.
  • Discipiper Trel. & Stehlé
  • Lepianthes Raf.
  • Lindeniopiper Trel.
  • Macropiper Miq.
  • Ottonia Spreng.
  • Pleiostachyopiper Trel.
  • Pleistachyopiper Trel.
  • Pothomorphe Miq.
  • Trianaeopiper Trel.

胡椒属植物分布在世界各地的热带地区，多数品种生长在热带雨林中，也有少数品种可以生长在比较开阔地带或亚热带地区。

部分胡椒属藤本品种在温暖地区可以作为园艺品种，但胡椒属的主要用途还是作为香料和蔬菜，人类最早在大约9,000年前就已经知道应用胡椒作为食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥叶胡椒（Piper auritum）、荜澄茄（Piper cubeba）、长胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被应用。越南的罗洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及东南亚的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）叶子都是当地的蔬菜。胡椒属许多品种还被许多地方作为当地的草药使用。

黑胡椒种子，从左到右:
绿色盐渍的熟种子
白色干燥的熟种子
黑色干燥的未熟种子

主要品种
长果胡椒
Piper grandifolium
长胡椒 (Piper longum)
黑胡椒 (Piper nigrum)
假荜拔

胡椒属植物在美洲有约700种，在东南亚有300余种，在南太平洋有40多种，在非洲有约15种。[1]

  • 蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
  • Piper achupallasense
  • Piper aduncum – Spiked Pepper, "matico" (South America except Ecuador)
  • Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
  • Piper amalgo – mecaxochitl (Nahuatl)
  • Piper angamarcanum
  • 墨西哥胡椒叶 Piper auritum
  • Piper azuaiense
  • Piper baezanum
  • Piper baezense
  • Piper begoniiforme
  • 蒌叶 Piper betle
  • Piper borneense
  • Piper brachipilum
  • Piper brachystylum
  • Piper bullatifolium
  • Piper caldense C.DC.
  • Piper campii
  • Piper caninum, SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
  • Piper candollei
  • Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
  • 长果胡椒 Piper chaba
  • Piper chimborazoense
  • Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
  • Piper clathratum
  • Piper claussenianum
  • Piper coeloneurum
  • Piper cordulatum
  • 荜澄茄 Piper cubeba
  • Piper cutucuense
  • Piper darienense – duermeboca (Panama), kana (Kuna)
  • Piper decurrens
  • Piper densiciliatum
  • Piper diffundum
  • Piper disparipilum
  • Piper distigmatum
  • Piper dodsonii
  • Piper entradense
  • Piper eriocladum
  • Piper eustylum
  • Piper fallenii
  • Piper fimbriulatum
  • Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
  • Piper glabratum Kunth
  • Piper grandifolium
  • Piper gualeanum
  • Piper guayasanum
  • 西非胡椒 Piper guineense
  • 山蒟 Piper hancei
  • Piper hillianum C.DC.
  • Piper hispidinervum
  • Piper huigranum
  • Piper hydrolapathum
  • Piper hylebates
  • Piper hylophilum
  • Piper imperiale
  • 风藤 Piper kadsura
  • 恆春風藤Piper kawakamii
  • Piper laevigatum
  • Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
  • Piper lineatipilosum
  • 罗洛胡椒 Piper lolot
  • Piper longicaudatum
  • 长胡椒 Piper longum
  • Piper lucigaudens
  • Piper macrophyllum
  • 粗硬胡椒 Piper macropodum
  • Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
  • Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
  • Piper manabinum
  • Piper marginatum
  • Piper mekongense
  • Piper mendezense
  • Piper mestonii
  • Piper metallicum
  • 卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum
  • Piper mexiae
  • Piper molliusculum
  • Piper mullesua
  • Piper nanegalense
  • Piper napo-pastazanum
  • Piper nebuligaudens
  • 黑胡椒 Piper nigrum
  • Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - Australia
  • 彩脉胡椒 Piper ornatum
  • Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
  • Piper peltatum
  • Piper permucronatum Yunck.
  • Piper perstrigosum
  • Piper platylobum
  • Piper porphyrophyllum
  • Piper poscitum
  • Piper prietoi
  • Piper productispicum
  • Piper pseudonigrum
  • Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
  • Piper puyoense
  • Piper regale
  • 假荜拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
  • Piper richardiifolium Kunth
  • Piper rubronodosum
  • Piper rubrovenosum
  • 西贡胡椒 Piper saigonense
  • Piper saloyanum
  • Piper san-miguelense
  • 假蒟 Piper sarmentosum
  • Piper schuppii
  • 塞舌尔胡椒 Piper seychellarum
  • Piper skutchii
  • Piper sodiroi
  • Piper stipulosum
  • Piper subaduncum
  • Piper subnitidifolium
  • Piper supernum
  • 银叶胡椒 Piper sylvaticum
  • Piper tectonifolium Kunth
  • Piper trachyphyllum
  • Piper translucens Yunck.
  • Piper triandrum F.Muell.
  • Piper trioicum
  • Piper truman-yunckeri
  • Piper truncatum Vell.
  • Piper umbellatum
  • Piper unguiculatum
  • Piper valladolidense
  • Piper verrucosum
  • Piper warakahoura
  • Piper wibomii
  • Piper wightii
  • Piper zarumanum

注释
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：胡椒属
维基物种中的分类信息：胡椒属
  1. Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, , American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706, PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072

外部链接

参考文献
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