南岬之盟
西元1867年美籍商船羅發號(the Rover)在臺東外海觸礁，當時船長杭特（Joseph W. Hunt）偕夫人還有生還船員共14人倉皇逃生，在墾丁附近上岸。但不慎闖入屏東的斯卡羅王國領土，被視為侵略者而遭出草，史稱羅發號事件。
 | |
| 簽署日 | 1869年 |
|---|---|
| 地點 | 斯卡羅火山 |
| 簽署者 | 斯卡羅：卓杞篤 美國 ：李仙得、必麒麟 |
| 締約方 | 斯卡羅 美國 |
| 保存處 | 屏東旭海 美國國會圖書館 |
美國政府向清帝國抗議，時任臺灣兵備道吳大廷得知此事，表示：「臺地生番穴處猱居，不載版圖，為聲教所不及，今該船遭風，誤陷絕地，為思慮防範所不到，苟可盡力搜捕，無不飛速檄行，無煩合眾國兵力相幫辦理。」表明台灣從枋寮到鵝鑾鼻這一區是斯卡羅領土，不屬大清國。[2]然而，引發美國強烈不滿。
憤怒的美國政府態度更加強硬。至此清廷政府才發覺事態嚴重，遣台灣總兵劉明燈調查此事。美國代表不滿清廷處理，於是決定自行與斯卡羅王國代表談判，1867年10月，在恆春東門東方三公里處，古名叫火山的地方訂立盟約，稱之為「南岬之盟」。內容要求外國人沒事不可上岸，海難登陸人員須舉紅旗為號否則格殺勿論。[3][4]
南岬之盟的雙方代表，美國方面，當時人在北京的林肯總統好友、美國駐華公使蒲安臣，決定派出的美國外交人員是駐廈門領事李仙得 (Charles W. le Gendre)，而斯卡羅方面，派出的締約代表是總頭目卓杞篤。出席者主要有斯卡羅總頭目卓杞篤、美國領事李仙得、英國通譯必麒麟，第三方觀禮者有琅嶠漢人、清廷臺灣兵備道吳大廷、臺灣鎮總兵劉明燈。南岬之盟結束之後，劉明燈勒石於車城庄福德廟（今福安宮），即俗稱「劉提督碑」。但是李仙得在北京的上級並不承認此盟約。[4]
1869年2月，美國政府因為清廷曾聲明斯卡羅不受清廷的管轄，自行再派代表簽訂書面「親善合約」，建築燈塔，並保證日後不再殺害西洋船舶海難人員等等。此親善條約便成為美國與臺灣斯卡羅雙方直接簽訂的「國際條約」，美國國務卿給國會的年度報告收錄此條約[5]，據傳此條約尚存於美國國會圖書館及屏東旭海。
親善條約原文
| TERRITORY UNDER TAUKETOK Village of the Sabarees, February 28, 1869 At the request of Tauketok, the ruler of the eighteen tribes south of Liangkiau, and between the range of hills east of it and the Eastern Sea including the bay known as the Southern Bay of Formosa where the crew of the American bark Rover were murdered by the Koaluts, I, Charles W. Le Gendre, United States consul for Amoy and Formosa give this as a memorandum of the understanding arrived at between myself and the said Tauketok in 1867, the same having been approved by the United States Government and assented to, I believe by the foreign ministers at Pekin viz: Cast-aways will be kindly treated by any of the eighteen tribes under Tauketok. If possible, they are to display a red flag before landing.
Ballast and water. - Vessels requiring supplies are to send a crew on shore, displaying a red flag, and must not land until a similar token has been shown from the shore, and then only at the spot indicated. They are not to visit the hills and villages, but, when possible, are to confine their visit to the Tuiahsockang, being the first stream on the east coast north of the southeastern cape of South Bay, and to the Toapangnack, to the west of the rock where the Rover's crew were murdered, the latter being the better watering place in the northeast monsoon. Persons landing under other than these conditions do so at their own peril, and must not look, I believe, for protection from their government if molested by the natives, who in such case will not be held responsible for their safety. |
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| —— 美國國務卿給國會的1869年年度報告[5] | ||
參考資料
- . 車城鄉公所. 2010-04-16 [2016-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-30） （中文（台灣））.
- . . 中華書局. 2008年.
- Leonard H. D. Gordon. . Lexington Books. 16 February 2009: 63. ISBN 978-0-7391-3574-7.
- Paul D. Barclay. . University of California Press. 24 October 2017: 60–62. ISBN 978-0-520-29621-3.
- . . Government Printing Office. 1871年: 92 （英语）.